Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C
The Clinical Experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D.,
abbreviated, sumarized and annotated by
Lendon H. Smith, M.D.
2233 SW Market Street, Portland, Oregon 97201
Preface
After Frederick Klenner died in 1984, his friend (and mine), Arthur Rybeck, a
nutritionally-oriented dentist practicing in Wheeling, West Virginia, asked if I would be
interested in going over the 27 papers Klenner had written from the early 1940’s to
the early 1970’s. The whole idea would be to let the world know how thoughtful and
careful a researcher he was, and to encourage others to continue his work. If a compendium
of Vitamin C (and other nutritional) therapy could be compiled from the published work of
Dr. Klenner, maybe we could get more traditional medicine-oriented doctors to use his
methods for the relief of sickness and suffering.
Standard doctors tend to believe studies and reports if published, but tend to
disbelieve hearsay stories about treatments that patients have read in a
“health” newsletter.
I have used Dr. Klenner’s methods on hundreds of patients. He is right. It helps
almost every condition and situation, and my failures were due to inadequate amounts.
The timing of such a paper might be most appropriate. Doctors are suffering from low
public esteem because they are perceived to be money-grubbing and mistake-laden. This
would be a scientifically documented - from the medical literature - therapy for a variety
of conditions: cardiovascular, allergies, infections, malabsorption, (see index), and even
AIDS, for which prescription drugs may be hazardous. Now the doctors can say, “We
have a safe, reasonably natural way of treating your condition that is fairly cheap. We
might just keep you out of the hospital.”
That last part might make the insurance carriers perk up their ears. The patients might
dash back to the doctors’ offices because the word is getting out that doctors are
helping people without side effects. Notice also, the dates on these articles and
references - these things were known decades ago.
Take this booklet to your M.D. and suggest that he read about these documented studies.
Take Dr. E. Cheraskin’s “Vitamin C Connection” along for further
documentation.
If your doctor doesn’t know, how can he help you?
Foreword
by Linus Pauling, Ph.D.
The early papers by Dr. Fred R. Klenner provide much information about the use of large
doses of Vitamin C in preventing and treating many diseases. These papers are still
important. Dr. Lendon Smith has done a valuable service in making the work of Dr. Klenner
available to the public.
Introduction
I have before me the published words of Frederick Robert Klenner, B.S., M.S., M.D.,
F.C.C.P., F.A.A.F.P. He graduated from Duke University, School of Medicine back in 1936.
After three years of hospital training he entered the private practice of medicine in
Reidsville, North Carolina. His main subspecialty was diseases of the chest, but he became
interested in the use of massive doses of Vitamin C in the treatment of virus diseases and
other illnesses as well. He inspired Linus Pauling and Irwin Stone to expand the research
on the great benefits of Vitamin C. Dr. Klenner died in 1984.
What follows is a review, and abbreviation, a summary and a critique of the 27
scientific papers he wrote. In the light of the recent developments and research in the
use of Vitamin C, it is essential that the roots of its usage be reviewed. Briefly,
Vitamin C does attenuate most virus infections by aiding the production of interferon,
controls many cancers, relieves some depression, modifies much pain and changes the course
of many diseases, like multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spider bites,
the bites of poisonous insects and reptiles. The watchword is, “If in doubt, give
Vitamin C.”
Dedication
If Dr. Klenner had lived he would have wanted this book to be dedicated to the
following:
Anne Klenner for her patience and understanding.
Fritz for the lively discussions in chemistry.
Mary Anne and Gertrude for being ‘guinea pigs’.
General Remarks
He believed in the healing power of nature, but believed that natural remedies could
enhance that power and were safer and usual1y more effective than drugs. Hippocrates said,
“Of several remedies the physician should choose the least sensational”.
Vitamin C fills that criterion.
In 1948, he published his first paper on the use of large doses of Vitamin C in
the treatment of virus diseases. In 1960, he realized, “Every head cold must be
considered as a probable source of brain pathology.” Hold on to this thought; it is
significant for the understanding of diseases like multiple sclerosis. He also
felt—as do Archie Kalikarinos and Glen Dettman of Australia—that the dreaded
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome was basically a Vitamin C deficiency. His maxim: the
patient should “get large doses of Vitamin C in all pathological conditions
while the physician ponders the diagnosis.”
We have misled ourselves with the mistaken notion that all C was supposed to do was
keep us from scurvy. If, however, we base our needs on the amounts other mammals
manufacture with their intact enzyme it comes to 2-4 grams daily in the unstressed
condition. Under stress 70 kg of rats make 15 grams of C. [Burns; Salomon; Conney]
We are willing to accept the premise that some of us are born with genetic defects that
lead to problems that can be somewhat controlled with diet and supplements (i.e.
phenylketonuria, galactosemia, and alkaptonuria and pernicious anemia). Can’t we
accept the fact that we all have a genetic deficiency of the enzyme, l-gulonolactone
oxidase and have to take Vitamin C for health, even for life? [Burns, 1959]
Irwin Stone calls this human genetic lack, this inability, hypoascorbemia. The point
that Dr. Klenner is making: “The physiological requirements in man are no
different from other mammals capable of carrying out this syntheses.” If one is
anemic due to poor iron intake, is it cheating to swallow iron tablets for a while? If you
are hypoascorbemic because you cannot manufacture Vitamin C from sugar, extra glucose
in your diet will not help, you need to take Vitamin C.
He reports that one of the Pilgrim Fathers wrote to a friend in England in 1621:
“Bring juice of lemon, and take it fasting. It is of good use.”
Folklore has revealed to us what natural remedies have been helpful and even curative.
We have been lured into the trap of modern medicine which prescribed a drug for every
condition. But consider acerola: Puerto Rican legend has it that if the tree bearing this
fruit is in one’s backyard, colds will not enter the front door. This fruit bears 30
times the amount of C than oranges. Dr. Klenner credits Boneset with the health of
the Klenner family during the great influenza pandemic of 1918. This plant was made into a
tea, bitter but curative. He assayed the tea for Vitamin C; they were getting 10-30
grams at a time!
The small amount of Vitamin C, recommended by the RDA (75 mg then and 60 mg now)
is enough to protect the person from gross disease, but not the amount to maintain good
health. Dr. Klenner quotes Kline and Eheart, who in 1944 realized there are wide
variations in the need for Vitamin C, in otherwise “normal” individuals. In
1945 Jolliffe suggested that the optimum requirements might be more than 10 times the
small doses recommended.
Scurvy develops slowly. Crandon (in 1940) found that the Vitamin C level of the
blood plasma fell to zero for 90 days before there was obvious clinical evidence and that
this was as long as 132 days before the first signs appeared.
How it Works
How does it work: as an oxidizing agent massive amounts, i.e., 5-150 grams,
intravenously, for certain pathological conditions, if allowed to run in rapidly (20 gauge
needle), acts as a “Flash Oxidizer” and may correct the condition in minutes. It
can be a reducing agent. It neutralized toxins, viruses and histamine. The more serious
the condition, the more C is required.
It appears that Vitamin C acts as a reducing agent, an oxidizing agent, an
anti-clotting agent, an antihistamine, and as an anti-infective agent.
He summarized the function of C in poliomyelitis:
- Virus destruction.
- Dehydrates the brain and the spinal cord safely.
- Supports and normalized the stressed adrenal glands.
- It preserves the lining of the central canal and maintains more regular spacing and less
crowding of ependymal cells (surface cells of the spinal cord).
Ascorbic acid enters all cells. It “proceeds to take up the protein coats being
manufactured by the virus nucleic acid, thus preventing the assembly of new virus
units.” Cells expand, rupture and die, but there is no virus particles available to
enter and infect new cells. If a virus has invaded a cell, the Vitamin C contributes
to its breakdown to adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine to inosine. Purines are
formed which are catabolized (broken down) and cannot be used to make more virus nucleic
acid.
Viral nucleic acid has a protein coat which protects this parasite as it rides the
blood or lymph highway to gain specific cell entry. [Larson] it is possible that if the
ascorbic acid can remove that protective protein coat in the blood stream or in the cells,
the white cell phagocytes and immune globulin could then neutralize these vulnerable virus
particles.
I like this from Dr. Klenner: “Ascorbic acid also joins with the available
virus protein, making a new macromolecule which acts as the repressor factor.”
(interferon?) Multiplication of new virus bodies is inhibited.
He summarizes the study of Lojkin, (1937), who discovered the inactivation of one virus
was due to a specific intermediate product formed in the course of the oxidation of C but
needed the stimulation of copper ions. It is a peroxide and is decomposed as rapidly as it
is formed. This study indicates why Vitamin C works better in the body and not the
test tube. Every function of the body requires enzymes, some vitamins and some minerals to
act as coenzymes. If enough Vitamin C is supplied, the enzyme system that breaks down
invading viruses and bacteria, will be able to do its job properly. Quote: “Unless
the white blood cells are saturated with ascorbic acid, they are like soldiers without
bullets.”
Vitamin C
in vitro at body temperature inactivates certain toxins at
an unbelievable rate. Back in 1938 some researchers [Klegler] placed Vitamin C in
test tubes with toxins. After incubation for 48 hours the toxins were not lethal to mice
when injected. The more toxin in the tube, the faster the C disappears. “The rate of
disappearance of the C in toxin and ordinary broth was more striking the greater the
concentration of Vitamin C.” Dr. Klenner concluded: “The degree of
neutralization in a virus infection will be in proportion to the concentration of the
vitamin and the length of time which it is employed.”
This has been Dr. Klenner’s main complaint: failure to benefit from
Vitamin C use is usually due to inadequate amounts being used for too short a period
of time.
Vitamin C combines directly with the toxin/virus. This new compound is oxidized by
Vitamin C; the toxin/virus and the Vitamin C are destroyed. This must be why C
has to be continued after the apparent cure.
It acts as a respiratory catalyst, aiding cellular respiration by acting as a hydrogen
transport. The liver has a better chance of detoxifying the blood stream of poisons,
toxins, viruses and bacteria if the plasma is saturated with Vitamin C. Fever, toxins
and bacteria reduce the level of C. Therefore, Dr. Klenner theorizes, if a high level
of C is maintained, all tissues return to normal despite the fever and the bacteria; and
because of its action “as a respiratory catalyst, it enables the body to build up
adequate resistance to the invader.”
The anaerobic condition in the tissue is relieved. Acidity is decreased and large
amounts of Adrenaline disappear. The constriction of the blood vessels ceases and the
liver and pancreas can receive the proper nutrients to function. Properly calculated doses
of C on a continuing basis will restore the normal physiology of the body.
The adrenals and Vitamin C are interrelated. During an infection Vitamin C is
absent from the urine and is decreased or absent in blood, even when moderate amounts are
being given intravenously. Vitamin C in the adrenal glands was greatly reduced in
animals succumbing to polio. (Dr. Klenner cites the literature of 1934-35 to document
this.) Hans Selye knew how the adrenals would show damage with stress. He found that all
patients ill with a virus would show petechial hemorrhages (small leaks of blood into the
skin) when a tourniquet was applied to increase venous backpressure. Capillary weakness is
a sign of low levels of Vitamin C. Sugar in the urine, associated with the petechiæ,
disappeared when adequate serum levels of Vitamin C were obtained.
It is known the C regulates the intercellular substance of the capillary wall. The
collagen of all fibrous tissue structures is dependent on an adequate level of
Vitamin C. Increased capillary fragility is observed in individuals when the blood
level of C drops to 1 mg per liter. These weak capillary walls may allow a simple virus to
invade the brain (see “Insidious Virus”).
In addition, Vitamin C acts as catalyst in the assimilation of iron.
(Ascorbic acid is a necessary coenzyme in the metabolic oxidation of tyrosine. The
latter is necessary to break down protein to a usable amino acid.)
Dr. Klenner states, “The importance of Vitamin C as an antibiotic and as
the precursor of antibody formation lack scientific appreciation because of its
simplicity.” The reluctance of the medical profession to employ it in massive doses
like antibiotics has allowed the appearance of allergies as a major problem.
Vitamin C is known to be essential for life. He quotes the studies that show that
when Vitamin C is given intravenously to patients with a deficiency, fibroblasts
begin to form connective tissue and capillary buds invade blood clots within just a few
hours. In a similar time frame when used as an antibiotic, fever falls and the white count
climbs.
Dr. Klenner points out that the standard treatment of colds was based on the
alkalinizing effect of forcing juices down the patient’s throat. Highly alkaline
urine has less Vitamin C. The Vitamin C would be thus retained in the tissues
helping to guard against the viruses and bacteria. When Vitamin C levels drop,
glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose: a response to stress.
Dr. Klenner is convinced that C will work in any problem but the negative results
reported are only because an insufficient amount was used. A tragic error in judgment has
been made by the National Academy of Science and the National Research Council: the
minimum daily requirement for C. All of us need more; some need a lot more.
Factors that determine need:
- age
- habits, alcohol, drugs, tobacco
- sleep, especially if drugged
- trauma of infection, of physical injury, of work, of emotions, of surgery
- Kidney threshold
- environment
- physiological stress
- climate changes
- loss of C in stools
- absorption
- binders in tablets
- individual difference in body chemistry
- drugs, pesticides, carbon monoxide exposure
- weight
- poor storage.
Klenner quotes the Food and Life Year Book, 1939, published by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (surely as conservative and orthodox a group as one could ever find):
“Even when there is not a single outward symptom of trouble, a person may be in a
state of Vitamin C deficiency more dangerous than scurvy itself. When such a
condition is not detected, and continues uncorrected, the teeth and bones will be damaged,
and what may be even more serious, the blood stream is weakened to the point where it can
no longer resist or fight infections not so easily cured as scurvy. Five grains of aspirin
will not relieve kidney colic; don’t expect control of a virus with 100 to 400 mg of
C.”
Dosage
The amount of C depends upon the severity of the disease but also upon the efficiency
of the victim’s immune system. The usual dose of 65 mg per kilogram of body weight
may be expected to take care of the usual virus infection when given every 2-4 hours by
needle. The more severe condition would respond to larger single injections.
However “if the activity of the pathogen is completely stopped, the development of
active immunity will be interrupted.” Therefore, modification of childhood diseases
is the aim of Vitamin C treatment, not the complete overnight suppression that would
prevent the body from making immune memory. To accomplish modification, 250 mg per
kilogram should be given intramuscularly. If necessary, half of this amount would be given
in eight hours. Procaine 1.5-2% can be given with a separate syringe with the same needle
just prior to the C.
The itch, the irritability, the pain, the vomiting of chicken pox measles and mumps was
assuaged in one hour with this last dose. Crusting of chicken pox was present in 5 hours
instead of 7-9 days. 250 mg per kilogram eliminated the disease in contrast to the 65 mg
which just suppressed it. 350 mg per kilogram may be employed along with antibiotics in
treating stubborn bacterial infections. Because a virus infection will deplete the
Vitamin C reserve, bleeding from the nose or chest would indicate an emergency
situation; Vitamin C, using the above noted dosage schedule, should be pumped in
immediately.
He cites experimental work by others indicating that in monkeys smaller doses of C
could stop the disease from appearing during the incubation period compared to the
relatively large doses needed to suppress the disease once the disease was diagnosed. It
all suggests that most of us will not get any serious virus disease if we would all take
sufficient Vitamin C daily. We need, however, to get a little sick so we will develop
some immunity, but if we get very sick a lot there is something missing, usually
Vitamin C. He is suggesting that the more serious the disease, the more
Vitamin C should be used to treat it. (We titrate the sickness, as Dr. Cathcart says:
“Well, you’ve got a 200 gram flu or a 50 gram cold.)
In Dr. Klenner’s review of his over 3000 cases about 15% required more
Vitamin C than the average. This ties in with the idea that we are all different. It
also explains why some dogs, who make their own Vitamin C would die of distemper.
“I have cured many dogs suffering with distemper by giving several grams of ascorbic
acid, by needle, every two hours.” 15% of 300 obstetrical cases required 15 grams of
C daily to remain within normal limits. The other 85% needed only 10 grams per day. He
felt some spillage into the urine indicated the body was saturated. “White blood
cells are useless unless they are full of ascorbic acid.”
Dr. Klenner argues that the recommended daily allowances are only to prevent
scurvy. “Acute scurvy and chronic hypovitaminosis are metabolically different
conditions.” We all are much more vulnerable to stress, infections, and pollution.
A shortage is produced from a poor diet but also poor hygiene, overcrowding, dampness,
cold and physical work (or play). There is a narrow margin between health and pathological
changes.
For a very severe illness, the dose he used was large and the most effective route was
intravenous, but the intramuscular route was satisfactory. He gave at least 350 mg per
kilogram of body weight. (A 70 kg man is 150 pounds; thus 70 x 350= 24,500 mg. He would
use a 25 gram dose for a 25 gram illness.) This amount was put in 500 cc of sterile water,
usually with dextrose, saline or Ringer’s solution. It was diluted so that there was
at least 18 cc of diluent to each gram of C. In small children, 2 or 3 grams can be given
intramuscularly once every two hours. An ice cap to the buttocks will prevent soreness and
induration. As much as 12 grams can be given in this manner into 2 or 3 different muscle
sites with a 50 cc syringe; larger amounts must be diluted with dextrose or saline and run
in by I.V. drip. If big concentrated doses are given by push (25 grams in a 100 cc
syringe), the brain may become dehydrated causing convulsive movements of the legs.
Intramuscular injections are always 500 mg to 1 cc solution. At least one gram of calcium
gluconate must be added to the fluids each day. Massive doses of C pull calcium ions from
platelets; and the clotting mechanism is weakened. Nosebleeds may occur. One gram of
calcium gluconate is added to control acidity and to replace the calcium ion loss.
Sodium ascorbate is less painful. Some of us will put procaine, 2%, with the
Vitamin C when injected into the muscle. Vitamin C can also be taken orally once
the patient is recovering.
This dose is repeated every hour for 6 to 12 times and then every 2-4 hours until
recovery.
If using under 400 mg per kg body weight, it can be given with the sodium salt. Doses
over 400 mg per kg of body weight must be diluted to at least one gram to 18 cc of
solution.
He suggests the following for each bottle: 60 grams of C, 500 mg thiamin HCl, 300 mg
pyridoxine, 400 mg calcium pantothenate, 100 mg riboflavin, 300 mg niacinamide. It is to
be given once or twice daily.
He used a 23 gauge needle intravenously and a 22 gauge needle for intramuscular
use—one inch long for children and one and a half inch for adults.
The idea of these big doses is to saturate the tissues; the white blood cells will be
able to destroy pathogens. “I have seen diphtheria, hemolytic streptococcus
infections clear within hours following an injection of ascorbic acid in a dose ranging
from 500-700 mg per kilogram of body weight given intravenously as fast as the
patient’s cardiovascular system will allow.”
He got to know the vulnerability of viruses so well, he played games with them.
“When proper amounts are used it will destroy all virus organisms.” He could
give one gram of ascorbic acid every four hours and modify the disease symptoms, but if he
gave one gram every two hours by mouth for four days, he had stopped the disease,
apparently by killing the virus. If he gave this dose for only two days, the symptoms
returned. (He kept measles simmering in his own children for a month by giving this dose
for two days, then off for two then on, etc.)
With 350 mg per kilogram of body weight every two hours, he could stop measles and dry
up chicken pox. If he could get in the vein, 400 mg per kilogram two to three times in 24
hours was all that was required (he published this way back in 1951, in the Southern
Medical Surgical Journal).
He used protamide and it seemed to shorten the course of the course of the disease (it
is a colloidal solution of denatured proteolytic enzyme). It was especially valuable in
herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Dr. Klenner felt that Vitamin C is related to
this enzyme, as it possesses the same anti-neuritic properties. If used together, the
results are more dramatic than either one used alone (the C was used as usual and the
protamide was limited to one ampoule per day). Influenza and poliomyelitis also responded
rapidly to this dual approach. He found calcium made a big difference as it duplicated the
results of the C. He used 10 cc of calcium gluconate (one gram of calcium) along with the
C daily. It can also be injected deep into the gluteus muscle.
Tests for C
He noted a monitoring method: “In all virus infections the Benedict urine reaction
for sugar will run from two to four plus. After Vitamin C, this reaction will clear
in 18 to 36 hours.” We all know that Vitamin C is related to glucose and
Vitamin C in the urine will show a reducing reaction, just as glucose does. If a
healthy individual is given one or two grams of C by injection, the urine will show a
positive Benedict sugar reaction for hours.” This paradox, Dr. Klenner explains,
indicates that Vitamin C and the virus bodies do form a new compound, and not a
reducing chemical, otherwise with all this Vitamin C injected, there would be an
increase in the response to the Benedict test.
When the urine starts to show a positive test to Benedict’s test, it is a sign
that the virus is under control and the person is close to normal again. The
Benedict’s urine test is a guide to treatment with C.
More than 30 years ago, Dr. Klenner developed the silver nitrate urine test. When
treating severe pathological conditions, the test done every four hours will reveal the
level of Vitamin C saturation. If the urine test is positive for Vitamin C, it
means the tissues are saturated and the patient is on the right dose. It is not a waste;
some spillage indicates saturation.
Insidious Virus
In June, 1957, he wrote in the Tri-State Medical Journal, on the ‘Insidious’
virus. He recalled a 19 month-old baby, who had a minor cold for two weeks. Then suddenly,
instead of getting well, he developed a high fever and seizures of his right arm and leg.
He was stiff, undernourished, cold to the touch and semi-comatose. Two grams of C were
injected on admission to the hospital and another gram within the hour. Then it was one
gram orally every four hours. Mustard plasters and croup tent were provided. A cup of
orange juice was drunk from a bottle two hours after the first shot. The baby began to
respond to pain. Temperature was still high, 103.8°. The arm and leg were completely
paralyzed, but in eight hours, he began moving the right leg and could hold the juice
bottle with both hands. Penicillin “was given on the second and third days to
discourage secondary invaders”. He was home on the 5th day.
Dr. Klenner recalls six additional similar cases, all under four years of age.
Four of the children were seen by a physician who noted no fever and was “not
impressed with the illness of the child.” All of these children died within 30
minutes to two hours after that physician’s examination. No treatment was begun
because there was no diagnosis. A virus infection was found at the autopsy. “An
insidious virus involvement of the brain.”
He takes us through the examination and treatment of a near miss. An eighteen month-old
girl had a cold for a week; then choked on supper. Her temperature was normal, but she was
very restless and whining. On a hunch, Dr. Klenner sent her to the hospital. She was
comatose on arrival, responding only to pain. Temperature still normal, but pulse was 152
and respirations 32 per minute. He felt she had the “Insidious Virus” and
started Vitamin C. Two and one half grams initially intramuscularly; in 30 minutes
she got another two grams. Then every two hours for five doses and then every four hours.
After 36 hours, it was injected every six hours. (30 grams altogether). Croup tent and
penicillin were used.
Shortly after admission, some water by mouth was tried and she immediately choked, and
the water came out of her nose—like bulbar polio. The normal temperature at admission
slowly rose to 102.4°. Six hours after admission, she was able to swallow. By the 11th
hour the temperature was normal and she was alert and swallowing. In 24 hours from the
first dose of C she was drinking freely from a bottle. She went home on the fifth day.
Dr. Klenner feels if she had been put to bed after supper that night, she would
have died in her sleep, like a case of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. He calls it brain
pathology caused by an insidious virus.
Dr. Klenner was reminded of the case of a 15-year old girl who had had a lingering
cold for several weeks. She complained of extreme fatigue at a dance party, but other than
that and her cold symptoms, she went to bed apparently well. The next morning she was
found dead. The autopsy was virus pneumonia. Dr Klenner believed that the lung pathology
was not enough to kill her, it was the insidious virus that invaded her brain. He feels
that the motor nuclei have the shortest nerves, therefore the virus would reach them
first. It could lead to spasm of the diaphragm muscle and cessation of breathing.
He felt that ascorbic acid could not reverse the virus once the pathology had
progressed to a certain unknown point. He feels this maxim should guide all treating
doctors: large doses of Vitamin C should be given in all pathological states,
“It should be given by all physicians while they await the diagnosis.”
These large doses should be reduced once the temperature approaches normal; false
temperature rise may result. If the C is taken from the ampoules and swallowed in some
juice, it will have about the same results as if it had been injected.
In another similar paper published the next year, 1958, in the Tri-State Medical
Journal, he outlines two important stages:
Stage (A):
1) a history of having had the flu for two or three days complicated by
physical or mental stress, or
2) a mild cold with a runny nose for several weeks.
Then the
sudden onset of Stage (B) with either 1) convulsions, 2) extreme excitability or dancing
eyeballs, 3) severe chill, 4) strangling during normal swallowing, 5) Collapse or stupor.
Stage (B) is usually associated with the following:
- rapid pulse,
- normal or moderately elevated temperature,
- respirations twice the normal rate and sometimes an air hunger (which is reminiscent of
that seen in acidosis or aspirin poisoning),
- dilated, unequal pupils,
- normal urinalysis,
- elevated white blood count (which elevation is usually associated with a bacterial
infection),
- normal bowel action,
- loss of bladder control when convulsions or coma occurred.
He felt that the rapid spread of the virus to the brain tissue was similar to the speed
of the onset of the symptoms after a severe head injury: “... a margin of safety is
so narrow that life and death are separated only by minutes.” There is no time to
wait for the laboratory results.
Case I: A 64-year old woman had a slight cold for a week, but no other symptoms. She
suddenly developed 104° (axillary) and slipped into a coma (pulse 120). In the hospital
she received achromycin and ascorbic acid. Dr. Klenner put 26 grams of C into 375 cc
of 5% dextrose in water, and let it drip intravenously, 75 drops per minute. An oxygen
mask was applied. The white blood count was 18,000.
She became conscious an hour after this was begun but could not swallow and was
incontinent. The fever dropped to 102°, but by the ninth hour it was again at 104°.
Another I.V. was given (the same as above) with the antibiotic, and the 26 grams of C was
begun—R=36 per minute.
In another hour (24 hours after admission) her temperature was 100°, pulse 84, and
respiration 28. By noon the next day (36 hours) she was suddenly able to swallow again.
She continued the achromycin daily and four grams of Vitamin C orally every four
hours.
Case II: A five-year old boy with no special symptoms suddenly developed a convulsion
and 104° (rectally), pulse 130 and respiration 18. He was extremely restless. His throat
was red and white count 9,000. He had another convulsion in Dr. Klenner’s
office. Dr. Klenner gave him four grams of C intravenously and sent him into the
hospital where he got three grams of C intramuscularly. His dose was then four grams of C
in orange juice every four hours, plus an antibiotic (chloromycetin, rarely used now).
Temperature was normal in 12 hours. He continued treatment at home for three days.
Case III: A 16 month old boy who had had a mild cold for two weeks suddenly collapsed
into unconsciousness. The pulse was over 200, and respiration 40 per minute and
temperature 100° rectally. Oxygen was started and two grams of C was given
intramuscularly. He roused in ten minutes. Two grams of C was given every two hours for
five times, then every four hours for twelve more doses. The examination and white blood
count (10,000) indicated bilateral pneumonitis so achromycin was added (50 mg every four
hours). The temperature was normal by the third day. And he was home in a week.
Case IV: A two-and-a-half-year old boy had a lingering cold for ten days. Temperature
was 101° with red swollen tonsils. Ears and chest clear, but the pulse was 130 and
respirations were rapid and labored. He was sent home to have some prescriptions filled
but had a convulsion at the pharmacy and was brought back. Temperature then was 103°. He
received three grams of C intramuscularly plus oxygen. At the hospital he was given
another two grams of C. It was repeated in one hour and then every two hours x 4.
Penicillin was administered along with terramycin. His temperature was normal in eight
hours after admission and remained so; he was taking and retaining fluids. He was home on
the second hospital day.
Case V: Demonstrates the usual quick response to therapy, but also the recurrence rate
if the C is discontinued prematurely. The patient, a 73 year-old male, was admitted three
times in 24 days with the same disease. He had a slight cold for a few days. Then
abruptly, a severe headache was followed by a chill and coma. T=103, p=138, resp.=36,
BP=150/90, white blood count was 10,000. Moisture was detected in his lungs. Muscle jerks
appeared. Nasal oxygen begun. Intravenous achromycin and Vitamin C were begun; 20
grams of C was added to 378 cc of 5% dextrose in water. It was repeated in eight hours. He
became conscious in 18 hours. He went home on the third day but returned in two weeks with
the same findings and received the same treatment and sent home. In seven days he was back
with the same symptoms. He was given 24 grams of C and sent home on achromycin and ten
grams of C daily indefinitely.
As these cases show Dr. Klenner was confident that the C would handle the virus,
but he needed the antibiotics to control the bacterial secondary invaders.
The initial dose administered by needle is no less than 250 mg per kilogram of body
weight. For children the dose would be two to three grams intramuscularly using a
concentration of 500 mg per cc. Ice on the muscle after injection will usually control
pain. “Massive use of C is compatible with any other drug and in most instances it
will enhance the value of these other remedies.”
He felt that the virus (or their toxins) act on the brain and can culminate in
diaphragmatic spasm with resultant dyspnea and even asphyxia.
He believed that the lingering “cold” had depleted the stores of
Vitamin C. The capillary beds in lungs and brain are damaged and the virus can invade
these tissues. The microscopic pathology in the brain shows thrombosis of vessels,
hemorrhages and proliferation of leucocytes. These are signs of ascorbic acid deficiency.
If the patients are not given massive doses of C at this critical time, they will
experience permanent nerve injury or may succumb. Pregnant women are thus more susceptible
to polio because of their relatively low stores of C. “With the use of massive doses
of Vitamin C, I have yet to see a patient not fully recovered.” It will also
shorten the illness by at least one-half the usual sickness days, and the patients can be
easily handled at home. Indeed, he treated many of these patients with two and three
visits a day in the office for the Vitamin C shots. He did not exclude the use of
antibiotics.
In 1960 he reemphasized the need for families and physicians to be vigilant for the
potentially fatal viral encephalitis. As published in The Tri-State Medical Journal,
February, 1960, he warned that “every cold must be considered as a probable source of
brain pathology.” Most doctors are not impressed with the seriousness of the runny
nose, the sore windpipe and the dry cough until this smoldering virus bursts through the
defenses and attacks the brain.
The point he is emphasizing is that the smoldering virus is depleting the circulating
Vitamin C, and when it gets low enough, the intercellular cement is weakened; the
virus can easily burst through to the susceptible brain. It is like a metastasis of the
pulmonary pathology to the brain (just like cancer cells seeding into the brain).
The brain is the logical target of any virus floating about in the blood, as the
vascular system supplying the brain is the most extensive of all the capillary beds in the
body. Interference with the blood supply of the nervous system can be disastrous, since
the brain cannot accumulate an oxygen debt.
Biochemical techniques will some day indicate what is happening at the cellular level.
The proof lies in the results. Dr. Klenner recites some classics way back in 1953. A
patient with virus pneumonia and a fever of 106° received 140 grams of C over a period of
72 hours. On the third day she was alert, sitting in bed and swallowing fluids by mouth.
Dr. Klenner believed that a similar respiratory virus in a baby with a truncated
immune system might spread all over the body in minutes winding up in the brain as
encephalitis, pneumonia and diaphragmatic spasm. (The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
(S.I.D.S.) that takes 8,000 babies in the U.S. between ages two and ten months of age.)
It is not just the lung pathology that takes these people; it is the brain invasion.
(It sounds a little like Reye’s syndrome—an innocent flu turns into a fatal
encephalitis.) “It is necessary for everyone to take adequate supplemental
Vitamin C to guard against such disasters.”
He had searched the literature and found studies reported in 1905 and 1907 that
confirmed the virus lung-to-brain encephalitis pattern. All of Dr. Klenner’s
patients recovered. How do we get doctors to inject massive doses of C into their
collapsed patients while they are “pondering the diagnosis?”
He felt there were many pathways into the brain: nose, stomach, ears but the basic
fault might be the breakdown of the intercellular cement of the capillary wall in
regulating the permeability of the blood vessels of the C.N.S. Vitamin C is essential
to the integrity of those capillary walls. It makes sense to believe that the chronicity
of the virus infection—mild though it may have been—could have finally depleted
the body of an optimum supply of C for maintenance of tissue repair. Capillaries break
down, blood and viruses are free to attack the brain. The theory and practice seem to fit.
Vitamin C helps control virus infections, and if there is a failure, usually it is
because not enough C was being used.
In another case, a seven year-old boy was treated for influenza off and on for six
weeks. He got sulfa, a form of penicillin and five to ten grams of C orally. When he had
the fourth recurrence, the antibiotics and C had no effect. On the third day he suddenly
became lethargic and then dropped into a stupor. Temperature was 102.6°. Dr. Klenner
quickly injected him with six grams of ascorbic acid intravenously. In five minutes he was
awake, asking, “what happened?” Another six grams in four hours and two more at
six hour intervals. Recovery complete in 24 hours without a trace of recurrence. The
patient was administered five grams of C in juice every eight hours for a week. The
patient was Dr. Klenner’s son.
Viral encephalitis can be associated with cold sores; one third of patients die and 85%
of survivors have brain damage. All of us are infected by the age of five years but only
1% experience symptoms. The virus is harbored in a dormant form until a physical or
emotional hurt provokes the virus to reproduce and manifest itself with the canker sore.
Virus Pneumonia
He wrote an article about virus pneumonia (Southern Medicine and Surgery, Feb. 1948), a
persistent debilitating illness that responds poorly to antibiotics. In his series of 42
cases he achieved excellent results with, surprisingly, Vitamin C. Some doctors were
using X-rays as therapy!
His routine: 1000 mg of Vitamin C intravenously every six to twelve hours for a
mild case. In children, 500 mg of C intramuscularly every six to twelve hours was about
right. Three to seven injections were all that was required for complete clinical and
X-ray resolution. Most patients felt better in just one hour and definite improvement
after two hours. Nausea and headache disappeared after the first shot. Fever fell at least
two degrees Fahrenheit in several hours after the first injection.
He gave alkaline drinks as this impedes the excretion of the C through the kidneys.
Mustard plasters were used to relieve chest pain and constricted breathing. In some
patients cyanosis (blueness due to lack of oxygen in tissues) was immediately relieved by
an additional injection of 500 mg of C.
He then reports the case of virus pneumonia which he treated in the early 1940’s.
The man became blue but refused to be hospitalized; Dr. Klenner wanted to test the
catalytic action of Vitamin C to serve as a gas transport (O
2) aiding
cellular respiration. He gave him two grams of Vitamin C intramuscularly and the
cyanosis began to clear up in 30 minutes. Six hours later that patient was sitting up
eating dinner; his fever had fallen three degrees. Dr. Klenner suspected that the C
had done more than act as a respiratory catalyst. He was given a gram every six hours for
three days. He was well by this time. Here is “evidence to prove unequivocally that
Vitamin C is the antibiotic of choice in the handling of all types of virus diseases.
Furthermore, it is a major adjuvant in the treatment of all other infectious
diseases.”
Virus Pneumonia: female, 28 years, temperature = 106°, chest and head cold two weeks,
severe headache, stuporous, dehydration. Antibiotics were of no help.
Treatment: 1000 cc of 5% dextrose in a saline solution and four grams of C. Temperature
to 100° in eleven hours. Then every two to three hours—two to four grams of C was
given intravenously. At 72 hours the patient was alert, sitting up and swallowing fluids.
Vitamin C treatment was maintained for another two weeks: two grams every twelve
hours. Thiamin was given for deafness (due to previous antibiotics and encephalitis);
hearing normal in ten days. X-ray did not clear up for another two to three months.
In a 58 year-old man with a severe viral pneumonia only one-half the recommended dose
was used (two grams every four hours). He slowly improved (three grams in six hours). His
dose should have been four grams every four hours or two grams in two hours. “The
course emphasized the necessity of administering massive doses of C at frequent regular
intervals so as to maintain the proper level of this ‘antibiotic’ in the
tissues.”
Dr. Klenner points out, as all doctors know, a secondary infection frequently gets in
“on top” of the original virus infection. Virus pneumonia very commonly allows a
germ to produce a bronchitis, requiring an antibiotic.
Poliomyelitis
In polio, Vitamin C destroys the virus, acts as a diuretic removing the edema of
the brain and prevents crowding of the cells lining the nervous system (see p. 2). The
swollen, infected tissue creates a pressure in the unyielding bony vault and cuts off the
blood supply to the motor cells, thus paralysis follows.
Dr. Klenner reports the findings of a Dr. McCormick who attended 50 cases of polio
in Toronto, Canada (1949). The polio victims who were white bread eaters developed
paralysis, but the brown bread eaters were protected from paralysis. B vitamins seem to
give anti-paralysis protection. The Vitamin C relieves the pressure on the vessels so
the nutrient—including B
1—can nourish the cells properly.
He reports the case of a five year-old girl with paralysis of both legs accompanied by
knee and back pain. Massage was given along with Vitamin C by injection. Within four
days she was able to move both legs. She was sent home to continue the Vitamin C
orally at 1000 mg every two hours. She walked by the eleventh day; the vitamin was stopped
and B
1 begun, only ten milligrams four times each day. She was completely well
by the 19th day after treatment had been started.
Another polio case with 104.4° temperature (measured in the armpit) severe headache,
red eyes, vomiting and tightness in the hamstrings. Two grams of Vitamin C was given
intravenously immediately and again in two hours; then every four hours for 48 hours. In
six hours after the first intravenous dose, his temperature had fallen to 100°, his eyes
cleared up, he was jovial, sitting and drinking fluids. He would have them on 1500 mg of C
by mouth every two hours for a week. The C was discontinued, and he took 25 mg of B
1
four times a day. Dr. Klenner felt B
1 should be continued for a period of
at least three months because nerve tissue is slow to recover.
In another article about viruses in 1949 (Southern Medicine and Surgery, vol. 111, #7,
July) he states his frustration at the lack of ability of standard researchers to
recognize their failure in treating viral diseases; they did not give big enough doses
frequently enough. He found an unbelievable record of these failed studies in the ten
years before he wrote this article.
He concentrated on the response of poliomyelitis to Vitamin C in this article. He
knew that the virus was floating about in the blood stream and that large doses of
Vitamin C would destroy the virus before it got to the nervous system.
Dr. Klenner reviewed the literature in 1948 because he was having consistent,
positive responses with Vitamin C; he was encouraged when he read that some
investigators had discovered low levels of C in the urine of humans and animals when
infected with the polio virus. He felt there was a “relationship between the degree
of Vitamin C saturation and the infectious and noninfectious state.” An
Australian, Heaslip, showed a “correlation between the severity of the attack and the
level of urinary excretion of the vitamin.” A “deficiency of Vitamin C in
the diet predisposed to infection and to the severity of the attack.”
One report he cited was published by Jungeblut in 1937. If Vitamin C was given
during the incubation stage in monkeys, the subsequent disease was much less severe. But
if the disease was in its fifth day, much larger doses of C were required. Even when but
100 mg of C were given in 24 hours to these experimental monkeys, there were six times the
number of non-paralytic survivors as in the control group.
Dr. Sabin attempted to discredit the use of Vitamin C in controlling polio in
monkeys but did not give enough (100mg), and the monkeys had unmodified poliomyelitis.
Scurvy is surely an invitation to infection, but the absence of scurvy does not assure an
adequate immune system—especially when an infection invades. Malnutrition plays a
definite role in susceptibility to virus infections. “Thousands of children owe their
paralyzed limbs to this unfortunate blunder of Sabin.”
He arbitrarily adopted the following routine injection schedule: 1000 to 2000 mg
initially depending upon age. The intramuscular route was used for children under age four
years. If the fever dropped in two hours, two more hours was allowed before the second
dose. After 24 hours, if the fever remained down, this same dose was given every six hours
for the next 48 hours. All sixty cases were well in 72 hours. Three however, had a
relapse, so the C was continued in all 60 cases for another two days every eight to twelve
hours.
Home treatment was 2000 mg injected every six hours plus 1000 to 2000 mg orally every
two hours.
Two of the 60 patients had throat muscle paralysis and needed oxygen and drainage but
were recovering in 36 hours.
In a follow up article on “The Vitamin and Massage Treatment for Acute
Poliomyelitis” (Southern Medicine and Surgery, vol. 114, #8, August, 1952) he
summarized his years of treatment of this scourge that hit every summer. He felt much of
the fear about the disease was due to reckless propaganda. It is a dramatic disease mainly
affecting children. At that time the standard treatment was the splinting of the affected
muscles for two to eight weeks to prevent any kind of motion. Surgery was then used to
correct contractions and stabilize joints. At about that same time Sister Kenny was urging
the use of hot moist packs and early passive motion to relieve spasm. Dr. Klenner
used pillows to rest the affected muscles, immediate and continuous massage and passive
motion, and, of course, Vitamin C to kill the virus, reduce the swelling in the
brain, support the exhausted adrenals and rehabilitate damaged nerve tissue.
Reducing spinal fluid pressure is important to allow nutrients to reach the shocked
nerve cells. The edema fluid “pressure in the central nervous system is the end
result of the inflammatory reaction caused by the virus.” it is probably augmented by
a deficiency of Vitamin B
1. Early researchers tried to relieve this pressure by
the use of hypertonic sugar (10% dextrose) solutions designed to pull the fluid from the
brain, relieving the headache and allowing the circulation to open up sufficiently to
permit nutriments into the dying cells. It is known that virus infections deplete the
Vitamin C content of the adrenals. Chemical reactions follow resulting in high blood
sugar; “apparently the adrenal medulla is released from its inhibiting mechanism
allowing a concentration of free adrenaline in the blood high enough to cause
vasoconstriction.” Glucose would only serve to aggravate this artificial diabetes
(Maybe this is why some children develop diabetes after a virus infection, notably mumps).
Vitamin C works as a destroyer of the virus but also as a safe and potent
dehydrator and diuretic. (Most patients complain of thirst after an I.V. of ascorbic
acid.) “Given in massive doses it will relieve the edema pressure of the cord and
brain, thus allowing normal amounts of B
1 to reach chemically shocked nerve
cells.” He occasionally used hypertonic sodium lactate as a dehydrator.
Vitamin C is proven to be low in the blood and tissues of virus victims. In a
loading test, Heaslip found the urine of virus infected patients only revealed 20% of the
ingested dose compared to healthy controls who excreted 44% of the swallowed C.
Jungeblut, a Vitamin C researcher, observed:
- If a paralytic dose of polio virus were injected into the brains of monkeys, they all
developed paralytic polio. If, however, Vitamin C was injected along with the virus,
the animals remained free of the disease.
- If monkeys were infected with a high dose of the virus, Vitamin C by injection
failed to modify the disease course.
- If less virus were given and the Vitamin C was kept at 100 mg per day, the results
were variable. Dr. Klenner felt that the virus dose was not standard, and the
Vitamin C was too small and too infrequently given.
Dr. Klenner felt the best time to treat the virus was during the viremia stage;
that is, when it was floating about in the blood stream and had not invaded the tissues.
He repeats: “For optimum results the vitamin must be given in massive doses, every
two to four hours, around the clock.” Intestinal absorption is inconsistent; it must
be given by needle.
Dr. Klenner wondered if some of the manifestation of polio might be due to mild
scurvy. Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, aches are all seen with scurvy and with polio.
Certainly when Vitamin C is given all these symptoms and signs disappear. Was it
scurvy or polio?
He points out the similarities in pathology in the nerve cells of polio and beri-beri
(B
1 deficiency). He believed this sequence: the virus causes a Vitamin C
deficiency which stresses the medulla of the adrenal gland. Adrenaline is released, which
causes not only vascular constriction but affects carbohydrate metabolism, that is, it
causes the blood sugar to rise. B
1, thiamin, is absolutely necessary for sugar
metabolism, and most diets are low in B1. In addition, absorption of vitamins and foods
are decreased when a disease is active. The Adrenaline-induced constriction of the blood
vessels about the intestines cuts some of the blood supply to the intestinal enzymes.
Pyruvic acid accumulates at the neuromuscular junction. To metabolize pyruvates, an
enzyme, cocarboxylase, is required. This enzyme has two B
1 molecules combined
with phosphate; no B
1, no action. When pyruvates accumulate at this area,
fatigue is the result. The flaccid paralysis of polio is related. B
1 therapy is
indicated for polio and most cases of fatigue. “Nerve and muscle cells in a flaccid
extremity may be only tired, but it is reasonable to believe that unless they are relieved
promptly, they may die.” Massage would improve the circulation and help remove toxic
agents during this emergency.
In 1956 Dr. Klenner published, “Poliomyelitis—Case Histories”
(Tri-State Medical Journal, Sept). He had a continuing supply of zingers he would throw at
doctors who insisted on disregarding his logic. He quotes Ratner, “There are two ways
of practicing the medical art: the first is to employ art; the second is to employ
fancy.” If one has used speculation, preconceived opinions and prejudice, then he is
proceeding by emotions, faith and dreams. We must proceed by REASON. Husky put it,
“Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed.”
He was disturbed by the enthusiasm preached by the vaccine enthusiasts. They claim that
the dead Salk vaccine was safe and that it makes antibodies. He was convinced that was not
true. He argued for a live virus, which would be more likely to give the recipients
protective antibodies. 98% of all adults possess these antibodies. He seems to be arguing
for all of us to acquire a natural immunity to all viral infections by taking enough
Vitamin C to attenuate the disease no matter when it strikes.
He suggests for poliomyelitis:
- Gentle massage for paralysis, continuous in the first few hours.
- Ascorbic acid, best intravenously, at 300 to 500 mg per kg of weight. In small children:
two to three grams intramuscularly every two to four hours. Ice on the injected muscle
will assuage the pain.
- He suggests penicillin and sulfa drugs would be worthwhile, (I would disagree).
- Desoxycortisone acetate is suggested daily x 3.
- Thiamin, 100 to 250 mg a day for three months will help rehabilitate the nerves.
- And make the patient EAT.
He reports some severely ill adults with polio. They had a high fever, 4+ headaches on
a scale of one to four, deep eye pain, stilt neck, muscle pain and spasm in the hamstring
muscles. Blood tests were negative for bacterial infection.
Injections of twelve to twenty-two grams of Vitamin C were given every twelve
hours for six to eight times. The headaches and fever were improved in 48 hours, and most
were well in six to ten days at which time oral C was substituted: 1,500 mg or so at three
to four hour intervals. Then the B
1 for three months to heal the nerves.
Hepatitis
Vitamin C will cure viral hepatitis in two to four days and allow the patient to
resume his usual activities. (500-700 mg/kg body weight taken orally; approximately 30
grams/24 hours in orange juice). Dr. Klenner reports that Dr. Bauer at the University
Clinic at Basel, Switzerland used just ten grams daily intravenously. It proved to be the
best treatment available. He indicated that hepatitis (infectious and serum) can be
reversed in a few days using intravenous Vitamin C. Heavy exercise had no effect on
the outcome. [Freebern]
1) A 27 year old male with 103° temperature, nausea and jaundice of three days. 60
grams of sodium ascorbate in 600 cc of normal saline was given intravenously at 120
drops/minute. Five grams of Vitamin C was given orally every four hours around the
clock. Fifteen grams of C was again given three hours after the first I.V. Another 60
grams of C was given intravenously twelve hours after the initial one (he used 5% glucose
in water this time). That one took 75 minutes to accomplish. Then another fifteen grams of
C intravenously after two more hours.
For the 30 hours of treatment he received 270 grams intravenously and 45 grams
orally—no diarrhea. Temperature was normal at this time and urine clear of bile.
Discharged from the hospital, he was back to work. C sets in as a flash oxidizer and helps
the body manufacture interferon, a natural antiviral agent.
2) A 22 year old male with chills and fever and a diagnosis of viral hepatitis. His
roommate had been admitted the day before. Fifteen grams of sodium ascorbate was given
intravenously every twelve hours for three days, then once daily for six days. Sodium
ascorbate was swallowed at five grams every four hours (135 grams intravenously, and 180
grams orally). No diarrhea appeared with these doses. He was sent home on the sixth day
with no fever and no bile in the urine. Soon he was back to work. His roommate with just
bed rest was in the hospital for 26 days!
3) Another male contracted hepatitis in Central America. There, he got lemon juice
orally and rectally. Hot mud packs were placed over his liver. He had 104° degree
temperature and was sent home. He was told to try bed rest and a protein diet. When
Dr. Klenner saw him, he was jaundiced, temperature = 101° and had a very large
tender liver. His I.V. was 30 grams sodium ascorbate and one gram calcium gluconate. Oral
C: five grams every four hours around the clock for three days. 400 mg adenosine IM.
100,000 units of palmitate Vitamin A given daily. On the fourth day he got 70 grams
ascorbate intravenously and one gram calcium. On the sixth day, he got another 70 grams
intravenously, and on the seventh day the bilirubin in the serum was down to 1.9 compared
to 98 on the first day; SGOT had fallen from 450 to 45. At home he took fifteen grams of C
orally, 1,400 mg of choline three times a day plus a high protein and carbohydrate
diet—no sequelae.
4) A 42-year-old male suffering from chronic hepatitis had been unsuccessfully treated
with steroids for seven months. He was given B complex and Vitamin C: 45 grams of
sodium ascorbate plus one gram of calcium gluconate in 500 cc of water with 5% glucose was
given intravenously three times a week. He took five grams of C orally every four hours.
He was free of the disease in five months. Dr. Klenner felt if he had more massive
and continuous doses in the hospital he would have been well in a few weeks, but his peers
on the staff would have denied the patient this safe treatment.
Dr. Klenner reemphasized the point, “Sodium ascorbate in amounts ranging up
to 900 mg per kilogram body weight every eight to twelve hours will effect cures in two to
four days.” Adenosine, 400 to 1,200 mg. intramuscularly, daily.
He felt that the risk of serum hepatitis from dialysis machines could be eliminated by
flushing the machines with 50 grams of sodium ascorbate. When he needed to give a patient
a blood transfusion he always added ten grams of sodium ascorbate to each pint. The
Japanese, he said, have added but five grams of C to each unit of blood; result, no
hepatitis and in thousands of cases.
Herpes Simplex & Zoster
Adenosine, 400 mg is given intramuscularly upon diagnosis. Fifteen grams of sodium
ascorbate intravenously is next using a six-cc syringe intravenously. Then a second dose
of adenosine, 400 mg, 30 minutes after the C. Paint the lesion with tincture of benzoin.
Then apply calomine lotion with 5% phenol. Continue to paint only the raw areas, but apply
the calomine and phenol to entire area. Continue the injections every twelve hours for
three days then daily for several days. A B complex capsule with 100 mg of each of the
B’s along with “massive” amounts of Vitamin A orally are taken daily.
To control pain after the lesions heal, a daily I.V. is used containing thiamin, 1000
mg; pyridoxine, 300 mg; niacinamide, 600 mg, diluted to twenty cc with saline, daily for
five days. He uses twenty-three gauge, one inch needle.
Herpes simplex must he treated as above for 72 hours as recurrences are common if
treatment is shortened.
Fever blisters: three percent ointment of Vitamin C applied to the lips ten to
fifteen times a day in a water soluble base speeds up the cure. A three-percent solution
of ascorbic acid used as a douche will heal a cervical erosion; direct application of this
solution by the physician would be prudent. Twenty grams of C orally each day would
“erase this form of malignancy.” Dr. Klenner points out that the cancer
seems to hit those with a hereditary tendency; a virus grows more eagerly in the
susceptible. If there is a family tendency, oral C in large doses as a preventative makes
sense.
Chicken Pox
Vitamin C orally is less reliable. Dr. Klenner noted his own daughter
struggling with chicken pox. She was getting 24 grams a day, but papules spread and the
itch was intense. After one gram of C intravenously, the itch stopped and she slept well
for eight hours. A new I.V. was then given and no new rash appeared. (Untreated chicken
pox victims break out for five full days). He noted this ability of C to terminate the
usual progress of virus diseases.
One to three injections of 400 mg per kg every eight hours will dry up chicken pox in
24 hours. Controls nausea with one gram of C per five cc of fluid. Thirst is precluded if
a glass of juice is drunk just before the I.V.
Hard Measles
He reports some cases:
1. A ten month old baby had the high fever, watery nose, dry cough, the red eyes, and
the Koplik spots that gave the disease away: hard measles. He gave 1000 mg of C every four
hours. After twelve hours the temperature had fallen to 97.5°; the cough had stopped and
the redness of the membranes had cleared. Just to see if this improvement happened to be
the natural course of the disease, he stopped the C for just eight hours. The fever rose
to 103.4°. The C injections were resumed and the fever dropped in a few hours to 99°.
1000 mg was given every four hours; no rash developed.
II. An eight-year-old developed measles and mumps closely followed by encephalitis
(T-104°). He could not eat, was stuporous and responded only to pain. Two hours after one
injection of 2000 mg of Vitamin C, he sat up, ate a hearty meal and then played. In
six hours he started to revert to his previous stupor, and the fever returned. Twelve
hours after a second injection of two grams, and 1000 mg every two hours by mouth, he
recovered. Dr. Klenner said, “The rude irritability shown prior to the first
injection of Vitamin C was strikingly absent.” I think what he wants the reader
to grasp is that the symptoms of these devastating virus diseases are similar to the clues
seen in scorbutic patients.
The bloody nose is common in measles, but can be relieved with one or two injections of
Vitamin C (one to four grams depending on individual differences). Bleeding
tendencies are common with scurvy. Did the disease allow the scurvy to become manifest?
These symptoms are due to acute Vitamin C loss and are nature’s way to ask for
help.
Mumps
He reports cases of influenza, encephalitis, and measles easily cured with
Vitamin C injections and oral doses. A 23-year-old male developed mumps plus
bilateral orchitis; his fever was 105°, and he was in overwhelming pain with
“testicles the size of tennis balls.” After one 1000-mg injection of
Vitamin C intravenously the pain began to subside and after six more shots spaced
every two hours the pain was gone. The fever was normal in 36 hours. He was up, about and
well in 60 hours. Total dose 25,000 mg.
Mononucleosis
Dr. Klenner felt mono is related to cancer because the same virus (Epstein-Barr)
is found in Burkett’s lymphoma. The disease, mono, can be eliminated with an I.V. of
C in just a few days, “The actual time being directly proportional to the amount of
the vitamin employed in relation to the severity of the infection.” (Most of us use
Dr. Cathcart’s formula for the amount of C to be given: “I think this is a 50
gram disease: some fever, generalized aches, but ambulatory.”) In one patient who was
given the last rites by her church, the girl’s mother took things into her own hands
when the attending physician refused to give ascorbic acid. In each bottle of I.V. fluid
she would secretly and quickly “tap in” 20 -30 grams of Vitamin C. The
patient made an uneventful recovery. Her mother has her BS in nursing and has been a long
time advocate of massive “C” therapy. (100 gram disease: 102-103°, holding down
fluids but needs to stay in bed, miserable. 200 gram disease: 104 degree temperature,
semi-comatose, somewhat dehydrated; hospitalization a good idea.)
The theory behind the use of adenosine: ascorbic acid stimulates an enzyme which breaks
down the nucleic acid in the virus. Some individuals cannot manufacture enough adenosine
to aid this enzyme activity. Purines are catabolized and are thus unavailable for the
production of new viral nucleic acid.
Other Diseases
Dr. Klenner tells the reader about curing
diphtheria with Vitamin C
intravenously or intramuscularly. Bacillary dysentery is stopped in 48 hours with
injections of C.
Pancreatitis. He treated but one case of this. He put 60 grams of sodium
ascorbate in 1000 cc of 5% dextrose in water and let it drip in rapidly and the patient
was able to go home in twelve hours.
Cardiovascular diseases, hypermenorrhea, peptic and duodenal ulcers, postoperative and
radiation sickness, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, poliomyelitis, acute and chronic
pancreatitis, tularemia, whooping cough, and tuberculosis.
In one case of
scarlet fever, antibiotics had no effect, but the fever responded
dramatically when 50 grams of C was given intravenously.
Others - Massive doses for
rheumatic fever. C will cure TB by removal of the
organism’s coat. Also pneumonia—(so it does not matter if one has a viral or
bacterial pneumonia, it works).
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Dr. Klenner was an authority in the treatment
of this rather debilitating, serious disease because his practice was right in the middle
of a constant locus of infection for tick bite fever.
Dr. Klenner had been taught in his training that there was no cure for it, only
supportive. So when he was confronted with an obvious case—104.4° degree
temperature, spots over body, coma, and positive blood test—he quickly gave 30 grams
of C intravenously every six hours. The patient was given para-aminobenzoic acid orally,
six grams, every two hours x3, then 4 grams every two hours for 24 hours, then 4 grams
every 4 hours until his fever was gone for 24 hours. At about the sixth hour of treatment
he became conscious and rational. He was sent home on the sixth day, fully recovered.
He reported the story of a twelve-year-old female with spots and 105° temperature. She
was given chloroamphenicol and PABA but with only a poor response on the third day, so she
was given an I.V. with 30 grams of C. In two hours she was almost well, cheerful and
responsive. She was given 30 grams every eight hours and was well and home in seven days.
He wrote of his son, sick with R.M.S.F. who almost died. He needed Vitamin C,
vibramycin (an antibiotic), PABA. Thiamin 1000 mg, B2 300 mg, and B3 500 mg were added to
the I.V.’s daily. On the third day his temperature was still up (105 degrees); he was
losing interest, and candida was developing. He finally got well on the fourth day.
What Dr. Klenner shows and tells us that with a devastating disease like R.M.S.F.;
everything known to be helpful should be used. It seems obvious that antibiotics have a
place, but Vitamin C is extremely useful. He pointed out one medical center used the
large doses of PABA, and had no fatalities, except a six year old who was given only one
half the calculated dose.
The C is given around the clock and at the 500-900 mg per kg body weight level. The
disease “can always be reversed.”
Dr. Klenner even treated
trichinosis. In the Tri-State Medical Journal for
April, 1954, an article entitled, “The Treatment with Massive Doses of Vitamin C
and Para-Amino-Benzoic Acid” Dr. Klenner pointed out that sixteen percent of
humans in the U.S. have these worms. An acute case will have puffy eyelids, high
eosinophil count in the blood stream, pain and swelling of the muscles, fever, profuse
sweating, cough and profound weakness. The eosinophil count is high with some allergies
also. He found that the lymphocytes stimulate anti-body formation and that the lymphocytes
rise with the patient’s recovery.
He reported the case of a man who had eaten sausage. He came down with a fever (104°),
very puffy skin of the eyelids, hacking cough. Tests were positive for trichinosis and the
eosinophil count was fifteen percent (normal less than four percent).
He was given large doses of C by needle because it would aid antibody formation and to
detoxify him. Calcium gluconate, one gram every day for several days. Antibiotics were
worthless.
Fever rose to 106°, and he lapsed into a semi-coma. As it reminded Dr. Klenner of
tick bite fever, he forced para-aminobenzoic acid down his throat. Four grams initially,
then 3 grams every 2 hours. Eight hours after this was started he ate a full
breakfast—the first in several days. His profuse sweating stopped. His temperature
returned to normal. The PABA was stopped after two days to see the effect; in 36 hours the
fever was back up to 101°. The sweating recurred.
The PABA was restarted at three grams every 2 hours during the day and every three
hours at night. After 9 days he was well, the PABA was stopped and there was no
recurrence.
Another patient, a woman, age 33, had a fever (103.4°), swollen lids, eosinophils 30%,
cough. She took 6 grams of PABA and then 3 grams every three hours for 37 hours then that
amount every 4 hours. Fruit juice also. Twelve grams of C was given every twelve hours.
Ten grams of C orally daily. She returned to work in eight days.
Dr Klenner had no explanation as to why PABA was a curative for trichinosis.
Tetanus (Lockjaw). In two articles in the Tri-State Medical Journal for June and
July of 1954, he again scored some points for Vitamin C in “The History of
Lockjaw”, and “Recent Discoveries in the Treatment of Lockjaw.”
He stated that lockjaw is not difficult to cure. He believed that doctors rely on
antitoxin as the sole therapy because some “authority” recommends it. Many
patients are sedated “to the point of narcosis.”
He felt that the practice of injecting the tetanus antitoxin into the tissues near the
wound was for medico-legal reasons as it had no benefit and might even be harmful. The
antitoxin “cannot travel from the circulation into the nervous system and unless it
be injected into the nervous tissue, it is relatively valueless.”
Dr. Klenner reports on other research: Vitamin C inactivates the toxin of
tetanus.
He recounted the history of a six-year-old boy who had never had any immunizations and
developed tetanus after falling off his pony into some brush. Over a period of three weeks
the boy developed increasing muscle tightness, abdominal cramps, inability to smile or
open his mouth. Liquids were all he could manage. If stimulated his back would arch so his
body was as a bridge resting on heels and back of head.
Dr. Klenner used Tolserol to control the convulsive spasm without sedating the
senses unduly (the FDA has taken it off the market; Methocarbamol can be used
intravenously with comparable results). The boy was treated with Vitamin C,
penicillin, tetanus antitoxin and Tolserol. He spent eighteen (18) days in the hospital,
but the use of tetanus antitoxin seemed to aggravate the seizures and required more
Vitamin C, sedatives and its use definitely prolonged the hospitalization.
He received 2 to 4 grams of Vitamin C every four to six hours depending upon the
symptoms and within one hour he would be calm and free of spasms. The idea was to help the
body’s natural detoxifying process. He also developed hives from the TAT or the
penicillin and needed Benadryl and Adrenaline for that.
He summarized
the treatment of tetanus:
- debride and clean any wound thoroughly. (He felt ether was good because it kills most
bacteria without destroying tissue.)
- 75,000 units antitoxin deep intramuscularly above the wound,
- intravenous fluids,
- massive doses of Vitamin C intravenously around the clock,
- intradermal tetanus toxoid, 0.1 cc for five consecutive days,
- intravenous Tolserol—now Methocarbamol. He felt all states should pass legislation
requiring tetanus toxoid for all ages.
He felt that the number of fatalities from the disease were equal to the number of
those who die from the treatment. He emphasized some principles of treatment 30 to 40
years ago that many of us have forgotten: namely, do no harm, and the body has tremendous
restorative powers if the doctor will supply it with the raw materials to promote
recovery.
Urethritis: Dr. Klenner points to the study done by Rous in 1971. Only
three grams of Vitamin C per day stopped the pain and frequency of urination in just
four days. Apparently alkaline urine allows phosphate crystals to form; Vitamin C
acidified the urine and the crystals went back into solution.
Chronic
cystitis is usually associated with alkaline urine. Germs grow more
easily in this alkaline urine. Vitamin C will discourage these bacteria and cut the
chance of an ascending infection which might devastate the kidneys (pyelitis). Ten grams
of C per day are suggested.
Other Conditions
Antabuse is a chemical used to discourage alcoholics from drinking. Alcohol and
Antabuse in the body form acetaldehyde; the person feels awful; weak, headaches even coma
as this case illustrates. Dr. Klenner felt he may have been the first to recommend
Vitamin C in the control of this chemical reaction. The man was on Antabuse. At one
Christmas holiday his “friends” persuaded him to drink with them. Shortly
thereafter he was brought to the emergency room where Dr. Klenner happened to be. He
was unconscious with BP of 90/60. He suffered from shock (same clinical picture with
barbiturate poisoning.) His I.V. was 500 ml of 10% glucose in water with 50 grams of
sodium ascorbate. After 30 grams had run in, he awakened, felt well and wanted to go home.
He got the whole 50 grams in three hours and was sent home. He also received oxygen by
nasal mask.
The company that manufactures Antabuse suggests but one gram intravenously as an
antidote calling it “massive.” Dr. Klenner felt that amount was
“without value.”
For acute alcoholism Dr. Klenner has given 1000 mg of thiamin intramuscularly
every two hours until recovery. Pyridoxine, 500 mg is given every six hours. 40 grams of C
intravenously will detoxify the patient.
Arthritis: Vitamin C counteracts the damaging effects of aspirin. C is the
number one precursor for collagen formation. If serum levels of C are high, synovial fluid
is thinner allowing for easier joint movement. Those taking 15 to 25 grams daily will
experience commensurate benefit. Prevention seems prudent. “A person who will take
ten to twenty grams of ascorbic acid a day along with other nutrients might very well
never develop arthritis.”
Cancer: He cites Schlegel’s (Tulane University) use of ascorbic acid (1.5
grams a day only) in preventing bladder cancer recurrence. “This is the so called
wasted Vitamin C.”
He “demonstrated that in the presence of ascorbic acid, carcinogenic metabolites
will not develop in the urine. They suggested that spontaneous tumor formation is the
result of faulty tryptophan metabolism while urine is retained in the bladder.” Other
researchers report that the depletion of mast cells from guinea pig skin was due to
ascorbic acid deficiency. It suggests Vitamin C is necessary for the formation and
maintenance of mast cells.
Vitamin C will control myelocytic leukemia with 25-30 grams orally daily.
“How long must we wait for someone to start continuous ascorbic acid drip for two to
three months, giving 100 to 300 grams each day, for various malignant conditions?
Small basal cell epithelioma: 30% Vitamin C ointment.
He cites a disturbing study: particles resembling viruses were found in some breast
milk samples of women with breast cancer. Could this help to explain why some cancers seem
to be “inherited?” It makes sense that all members of cancer prone families
should be taking at least ten grams of C daily.
His protocol for treating cancer is printed here in total, although I do not understand
the rationale for some of the ingredients. All of this is designed to kill the cancer
cells by shoring up the immune system. He even recognized the therapeutic value for a
positive attitude.
- Use radioactive cobalt when and where indicated.
- Give 45 grams of sodium ascorbate intravenously every twelve hours for one month. Then
use 60 to 65 grams in 500 cc of normal saline or 5% dextrose in water for five days a week
until a cure is obtained. It usually takes five months.
- Each bottle is to contain one gram of calcium gluconate, a cc of some B complex, plus
1,200 mg of thiamin, 300 mg of pyridoxine, and 600 mg of niacinamide.
- Oral sodium ascorbate, 5, 10, 20, grams daily. The dose depends upon the bowel
tolerance.
- Vitamin A palmitate, 50,000 units, daily, orally.
- Pantothenic acid, (B5) one gram orally four times a day.
- Amino acid protein powder with all the eighteen amino acids. 60 tablets each day or, if
a powder, several tablespoons daily. This supports the immune system and the enzymes.
Tyrosine should be taken separately, if possible, as this one makes the others work
better; 500 mg tablets—six daily.
- In addition, a high protein diet using white chicken meat, fresh fish, chicken livers,
and brown-shelled eggs. Beef (but once a week) should be as lean as possible: lean stew
beef or sirloin tip are the best but have the butcher grind it three times. Hamburgers?
Only once a week. No sugar and no starches. Fruit and fruit juices are permitted. Almonds
are excellent.
- 30 to 40 apricot almonds should be chewed every day in divided doses until a continuous
bitter almond taste develops. At this point the patient cuts the dose in half. “This
will form cyanide by way of the stomach acid. Cyanide will kill cancer cells.
Vitamin C will protect one against the lethal effects of cyanide. It is the antidote.
500 mg tablets of vitamin B17 are available. One after each meal and at bed
time.” (Not everyone would agree with this part of the therapy. Cancer victims are
still getting amygdalin B17, as injections from Mexico, but there is some doubt
as to its efficacy. LHS)
- Vitamin E, d-alpha tocopheryl acetate, 400 International unit size, 3,200 units daily.
Don’t take iron with it.
- One pint of grape juice daily.
- B complex tablets with 100 mg of each of the B’s and 100 mcg of B12. Six
to eight tablets daily. Theragran-M or a similar capsule with all the minerals to replace
what is being pulled out by the C.
- Maintain the hemoglobin at 13 grams.
- Keep a good attitude.
He reported a case of a man with lymph glands all over his body. He got the above
treatment and although the glands increased in size for a while, his liver and spleen were
back to normal size in four months. Dr. Klenner noticed a ‘parachute-like’
substance in the urine. Microscopic examination revealed they were clumps of cancer cells.
Another case was that of a woman who had an adenocarcinoma of two years duration. She
had had chemotherapy, two surgeries and extensive radiation over her chest, especially the
neck area where the cancerous glands were. The cancer had spread to her lungs, her abdomen
and six glands in her neck. Dr. Klenner gave her the above protocol. In three months
the lesion in her lung had cleared and gone were the glands in her neck. After six months
of intravenous Vitamin C and the B complex, the abdominal masses had disappeared, but
she could not swallow food. The radiation had scarred her esophagus beyond dilatation and
she refused more surgery. The cancer was gone; she died from starvation due to the
radiation.
Dr Klenner summarized this paper with this: “The results suggest that larger daily
amounts could be given in a hospital with faster results. I would suggest at least 100
grams in 1000 cc of fluid and given every twelve to 24 hours. The vitamins and the calcium
gluconate also must be given.” He thought interferon could be assayed while the
patient is in the hospital. “How long will it take for the general population to
challenge the drug cartel?”
There is a relationship of Vitamin C and
cholesterol. Scorbutic guinea pigs
have high cholesterol levels. Way back in 1947 high intravenous doses of Vitamin C
were found effective in lowering cholesterol levels. One researcher [Spittle, 1971,
Lancet] postulated that arteriosclerosis might be the end result of a long term deficiency
or negative balance of Vitamin C. [Hecker] He and Dr. Klenner saw the
cholesterol levels in the blood of subjects vary with the amount of C used. In one patient
the cholesterol was lowered 42 mg percent in six weeks when his oral intake of
Vitamin C was increased from 10 grams a day to 20 grams a day.
This all makes sense as “the main pathway of cholesterol catabolism is in
conversion to bile salts.” Vitamin C aids in the enzymatic conversion. Guinea
pigs, who like humans cannot manufacture their own Vitamin C, will use up dietary
Vitamin C if fed a high cholesterol diet. “Guinea Pigs fed a diet free of
ascorbic acid showed a 600% acceleration in cholesterol formation in the adrenal
glands.” The Soviets have published many articles demonstrating these effects. This
might explain why colds and virus flu are more common in the winter because fresh fruits
and vegetables are less available and fat in the diet in the winter might use up
Vitamin C faster. Gallstones can be made to develop in guinea pigs when fed a diet
rich in cholesterol and low in C.
(In Medical School we were given the mnemonic to aid in the diagnosis of the gall stone
victims: “Fair, fat, and forty.” Susceptibility plus dietary factors; it makes a
lot of sense.)
Dr. Klenner quotes the literature as to the use of Vitamin C in coronary
artery disease in animals as well as humans. Arteriosclerosis develops in guinea pigs when
fed a high cholesterol diet but develops rapidly in scorbutic animals even without
exogenous cholesterol. Extra C was able to absorb the plaques. The diet is important, but
extra C seems to be critical especially in those with a family tendency.
“We must protect our hearts from stress. Adequate Vitamin C is one
answer.” Where did Linus Pauling learn about his need for large doses? Probably from
Dr. Klenner. “Mortality rate for middle-aged people dropped significantly with
increased doses of Vitamin C” [Dr. Klenner was quoting J. Stamler from
Comprehensive
Treatment of Essential Hypertensive Diseases. Monograph on Hypertension, Merck, Sharp
and Dohme.] Pauling currently takes 18 grams a day. He seems to be doing well at the age
of 86 years (July, 1987). [Dr. Pauling lived to 93 years –ed.]
Cavities: A gram of Vitamin C every day for each year of life (five grams a
day for the five year old) will prevent cavities. Ten grams a day from age ten years for a
lifetime should maintain that advantage.
He quotes Shaw who felt that deposits on the teeth represent a pre-scurvy condition and
that those so afflicted should be taking 2000 mg a day of C before some nasty virus
strikes.
Disc, ruptured intervertebral: will be prevented with the ten-grams-a-day dose.
Adequate amounts seem necessary for disc metabolism and maintenance.
Corneal ulcers: healed with but 1.5 grams of C daily. The pain of a corneal burn
was relieved immediately with twelve grams of C intravenously. The cornea was normal in 24
hours. [Boyd & Campbell]
Diabetes: He noted back in 1951 that the urine in his patients showed a reducing
substance; severe virus infections will allow sugar to spill into the urine.
Vitamin C acts as a reducing agent and it would appear that diabetes has been
induced.
He reported the story of a seven year old diabetic, who developed measles, and his
insulin requirements went from 5 units to more than 90 units a day, but with one gram of
Vitamin C every four hours his infection and elevated blood sugar came under control.
In these diabetic cases, the Vitamin C can be cut back to reasonable levels after the
infection is under control. Large prolonged doses of “Vitamin C might prove
undesirable due to its dehydrating and diuretic powers.”
He feels that the pathological condition in this case means that adrenaline was
flooding the boy’s system. The regulator of the adrenaline mechanism had been removed
so the constant supply caused a prolonged vascular constriction. This action on the blood
vessels creates asphyxia of the tissues leading to acidosis. This acidity leads to
adrenaline hyperglycemia. “Slight blood sugar elevation can be controlled with sodium
bicarbonate. This vascular constriction is operative in the pancreas and could restrict
the production of insulin and pancreatic enzymes.”
As a matter of fact Dr. Klenner had been studying the effects of ten grams of C
per day orally in patients with diabetes mellitus; 60% were able to control the condition
with diet and C. The other 40% were able to reduce the insulin dose. Wounds healed more
readily. The C assists the liver in its function of carbohydrate metabolism.
Glaucoma: Dr. Klenner was disturbed that marijuana was being used for the
reduction of intraocular pressure. ”One would need to be a chain smoker to maintain
worthwhile levels.“ He quotes Bietti who used large C doses; Virno’s patients
use 35 grams of C (100 mg/kg after meals and bedtime) in divided doses during the 24 hours
and this osmotic dehydration of the eyeball was safe and effective. “The size of the
dose does make a difference—a real difference.”
Dr. Klenner has found in his investigation of over 300
pregnancies, that
the stress of the condition pushed the needs for C in women up to 15 grams a day. The
human fetus is a parasite draining available C from the mother. We are all different and
our needs for Vitamin C vary depending upon heredity, environment, stress—or its
perception. He reminds us of Roger Williams’ research in 1968 showing that some
guinea pigs needed twenty times more Vitamin C than others to maintain their health.
(The usual dose for pregnant humans: 4 grams daily in the first trimester; 6 grams daily
in the second trimester; 8 to 10 grams in the third trimester). He obtained excellent
results with these large doses of C in women who had been habitual aborters. [Greenblatt]
One woman had had five miscarriages and then with the Vitamin C went on to have two
normal pregnancies. The German literature is full of cases of these good results.
Hemoglobin was easier to maintain, leg cramps were less (Vitamin C enhances iron and
calcium and magnesium absorption). Striae gravidarum (
stretch marks) were
seldom encountered. Labor was shorter and less painful. No post partum hemorrhage. The
perineum was more elastic and if Vitamin C was maintained, it continued to remain
firm.
Infants are robust with this Vitamin C. None required resuscitation. 50 mg of
ascorbic acid was begun on the infant’s second day and was gradually increased as
time went on. A set of quadruplets in this series were healthy and taking milk on the
second day. It is especially helpful for the rapidly growing connective tissue, teeth and
blood vessels. [King]
Schizophrenia: Dr. Klenner reminds us of Hoffer and Osmond’s work with
niacin and Vitamin C back in the early 1950’s. Six to 8 grams of C a day made
the niacin work. One schizophrenic took one gram every hour for 48 hours and was
completely recovered for six months with no further treatment. These megadoses halved the
suicide rate. It has been demonstrated that schizophrenics burn up C ten times faster than
the normal population. Most people show some spill of C in the urine at 4 grams per day;
schizophrenics have to take ten times this amount before it can be detected.
Dr. Klenner noticed this spillage in patients severely affected with a virus only
after two to three days of large doses of C and improvement had begun. (Could
schizophrenia be due to a virus?)
Burns: can be treated with Vitamin C. “30-100 grams of Vitamin C is
the proper amount to employ.” (500 mg per kg of body weight diluted to at least 18 cc
per gram of C using 5% dextrose or saline in water or Ringer’s solution, repeated
every eight hours for several days, then at twelve hour intervals. Calcium gluconate is
added.) “Vitamin C is given until healing takes place.” It takes seven to
thirty days depending upon the degree of the burn. It may prevent the need for grafting as
it keeps the tissues oxygenated thus preventing the blood from sludging. [Kniseley] On the
fourth to fifth day the malodorous burn eschars will fall off leaving normal tissue.
Vitamin C also eliminates pain; opiates are less necessary. (It stimulates endorphin
production in the brain.)
In an article he published in the
ICAN Journal (there is no date, but it
was probably published in 1973 or 74) he states that Vitamin C is truly a miracle
substance. He believed that large doses of intravenous Vitamin C early in the
post-burn phase would eliminate the third degree burn with its infection and scarring.
Blood sludging seems to be the basic villain that leads to rigid masses of eschar.
[Berkeley] Oxygen is cut off. Tissue destruction is added to already burn-damaged skin.
Vitamin C levels in the blood and urine drop. [Lund & Levenson; Lam]
Vitamin C is necessary for granulation tissue and skin formation. [Bergman] Three
percent ascorbic acid solution is used as a spray every two to four hours for five days.
[Klasson]
Pseudomonas: (a nasty bacteria, often seen in burn patients; very resistant to
antibiotics): three percent spray plus massive injections.
Heat stroke: 500 mg per kg of body weight will reverse it.
Sunburn: One gram taken every one to two hours during exposure will prevent
sunburn; an I.V. injection will quickly relieve the pain and erythema. Even second-degree
burns will be healed.
Prickly heat, heat stroke, heat collapse can all be treated; the latter needs
twelve to forty grams intravenously. Electric shock patients must be given Vitamin C
immediately after the accident—including lightning victims.
Vitamin C will control the side effects of
radiation including radiation
burns. “Who can say what 100 to 300 grams given intravenously daily for several
months might accomplish in cancer? The potential is so great and the employment so
elementary that only the illiterate will continue to deny its use.”
Vitamin C inhibits the deaminizing enzymes from the damaged cells (due to burns,
injury, infections). Histamine is produced by these enzymes. The shock is controlled.
[Chambers & Pollock; Clark & Rossiter]
Surgery: Way back in 1960 and again in 1966, Dr. Klenner delivered papers
before the Tri-State Medical Society calling attention to the “scurvy levels” of
C in post-operative patients. The levels began to fall six hours after surgery and by 24
hours the levels were 3/4 lower than pre-op. Tensile strength of healing wounds is lowered
if the plasma drops to scurvy levels. The lower the C levels the poorer the wound heals.
[Bartlett, Lanman) Even as little a dose as 500 mg of C orally “was remarkable
successful in preventing shock and weakness,” following dental extraction, he quotes
Schumacher.
He remembers a surgery case in 1949 when he assisted a surgeon in a potentially
hopeless case. Extensive adhesions of the viscera defied separation. The surgeon repaired
twenty tears and closed the abdomen. She should not have survived. The patient was given
two grams of C every two hours intravenously for 48 hours and then four grams per day. In
a day and a half she was up walking and in a week discharged home with normal bowels and
no pain.
30 grams should be given intravenously daily—post-operatively, until food and
pills are tolerated orally.
Dr. Klenner used 10 grams preoperatively intravenously and ten grams in each
post-operative bottle and then ten grams orally when eating was resumed. Surgical wounds
rarely separated with this method. Fractures healed faster. (Some surgeons will give ten
grams of Vitamin C at the end of the operation, and the patient is awake and alert in
60 seconds. No need for the nausea and vomiting in the recovery room.)
Toxins & Heavy Metals
Heavy Metal Poisonings: Especially lead and mercury—are controlled with
Vitamin C injections and oral intake. An intake of Vitamin C daily will protect
animals—and by extrapolation, humans—from fatal doses of mercury. If a guinea
pig needed 200 mg one day to protect it from an otherwise fatal dose of mercury, the human
would need 14 grams daily. Smaller doses would be able to protect the body from smaller
amounts of the toxin.
Lead poisoning: 350 mg of Vitamin C per one kg of body weight taken
intramuscularly every two to four hours; recovery in less than 72 hours.
Dr. Klenner found that the amount of C used “in any case is the all important
factor. In 28 years of research we have observed that 30 grams each day is critical in
terms of response” regardless of age and weight. (Barbiturate intoxication, snake
bite and viral encephalitis may require larger doses in some individuals.)
Carbon monoxide (CO): poisoning is on the rise due to smoking and city living.
CO interferes with oxygenation of tissues as it ties up hemoglobin. (The affinity of CO
for hemoglobin is 300 times that of oxygen.) It would be especially dangerous in hearts
already compromised by diseased coronary vessels; those vessels cannot dilate in times of
extra need, e.g., CO poisoning. Smokers, and by inference, anyone exposed to CO or
pollution should be taking extra Vitamin C. He points to the report [Pelletier] that
shows when smokers quit, their “ascorbic level approaches that of the
non-smoker.” In acute CO poisoning: if 12 to 50 grams of Vitamin C is injected
rapidly into the blood stream, it acts as an oxidizer and will “pull CO from
hemoglobin to form carbon dioxide” which is easily exhaled. A burn victim should
immediately receive a dose of 500 mg of C per kg of body weight intravenously. It will
“neutralize the CO or smoke poisoning while at the same time it will prevent blood
sludging which in the major factor in the development of third degree burns.”
An accidental carbon monoxide poisoning was reversed in ten minutes with 12 grams of
ascorbic acid in a 50 cc syringe using a twenty gauge needle. (”We employ a
twenty-gauge needle when using a 50 cc syringe; a twenty-one gauge for a thirty-cc
syringe, a twenty-two gauge for a twenty cc syringe and a twenty-three gauge needle for a
ten cc syringe“).
Two boys were sprayed with
pesticide, one received Vitamin C (10 grams)
every eight hours and went home on the second day. The other boy only fluids; his skin
showed a bad chemical burn; he died on the fifth day.
Vitamin C will reverse the
shock and low blood pressure from barbiturates,
muscarine, and formic acid. One suicidal patient ingested 2640 mg of barbiturate. Twelve
grams was administered using a 50 cc syringe. In ten minutes the blood pressure rose from
60/0 to 100/60. 100 grams was given in the vein for three hours at which time the patient
was awake. The use of large doses of C should be routine in these cases of chemical shock.
“The needle used to give a syringeful of C was attached to a bottle of 5% dextrose in
water with 50 grams of ascorbic acid. She received 125 grams of C. C not only assists with
hepatic metabolism but also as a major diuretic, flushing these compounds out by way of
the kidneys. Oxygen by nasal tube ran constantly.”
Another patient had taken 2400 mg of Seconal plus para-aldehyde. She was awake after 42
grams of C was administered. The C was injected as fast as a twenty-gauge needle could
carry the flow. Consequent doses of 75 grams intravenously and thirty grams of C taken
orally over a period of 24 hours saved her life.
Bites, Toxins, Allergies
In another Tri-State Medical Journal of December, 1957, he outlined the physiology and
treatment of
Black Widow Spider poisoning in a case history. Some of those bitten
are not affected at all because the spider was out of poison, but some can be devastated
and may die, partly because of poor resistance but also due to the quantity injected.
It can be confused with pancreatitis, renal colic, food poisoning, tetanus, angina,
bowel obstruction, pneumonia, perforated ulcer. The abdominal wall muscles become rigid,
the victims have cold sweat, their temperature and blood pressure shoot up, they vomit,
have muscle twitches and spasms, cyanosis, chills, convulsions and delirium. The painful
muscle spasms occur within minutes of the original bite. The cramps occur in all the large
muscles of the body; the victims roll and toss and moan in agony.
Until someone used calcium gluconate, there were 90 ineffective treatments. An
anti-venom is on the market, but severe reactions and even death have been attributed to
its use.
The treatment Dr. Klenner suggests is his friend, Vitamin C, 350 mg per kg of
body weight intravenously along with calcium gluconate.
His three and a half year old patient had been getting worse for 24 hours with
abdominal cramps which the parents assumed were due to food poisoning. She became quieter,
feverish, constipated and her abdomen was exquisitely tender. She was becoming stuporous.
Dr Klenner noted the red, swollen area around her naval, and two tiny spots about one
eighth of an inch apart were noted in the middle: the fang marks of a Black Widow Spider.
He gave one gram of calcium gluconate and 4 grams of Vitamin C intravenously. In 6
hours she was more responsive, and her temperature had dropped from 103 degrees to 101
degrees and she was given another four grams I.V.
In another six hours, her temperature was but 100 degrees, and she could swallow
fluids. The next day she was active, and 50% of the discoloration had disappeared. She
received another 4 grams of C intravenously and 3 grams intramuscularly. At home she
swallowed one gram of C every three to four hours. An enema produced a bloody return. When
she recovered, she remembered brushing “a big black bug off her stomach,” before
she took ill.
Dr. Klenner had treated eight cases of Black Widow Spider bites. “It is
criminal to give these patients an opiate to relieve their pain, for in so doing you might
add to their distress and actually precipitate a fatality.”
“Some ascorbic acid behaves much like calcium in the body, and also acts
synergistically with it, we elected to observe its action.” The child was destined to
die. “Some physicians would stand by and see their patient die rather than use
ascorbic acid because in their finite minds it exists only as a vitamin.”
Dr. Klenner was very confident about the benefits of intravenous Vitamin C to
treat the poisonous effects of insects and reptiles,. He felt all emergency rooms should
be adequately stocked. He used sodium ascorbate, 7.5 grams in 30 ml. The syringes are 5 to
60 cc. The needles are 20 gauge (big), one inch long to 31 gauge (I have trouble believing
this) one inch long. I get “miracle like responses.”
Case 1: An eighteen-year-old female was treated just twenty minutes after a hornet
bite. She was covered with hives and had shortness of breath and difficulty swallowing. In
minutes after twelve grams of sodium ascorbate intravenously were pushed in with a 50 cc
syringe her allergic symptoms were gone.
Dr. Klenner took ten grams of C dissolved in water orally and again in fifteen
minutes to counteract the stings of fifteen yellow jackets. No symptoms.
Snakebite: He reported on a four-year-old girl bitten by a Highland Moccasin. She had
severe pain in her leg and was vomiting within twenty minutes after the bite.
Dr. Klenner gave four grams of C intravenously and within half an hour she had
stopped crying and could now drink orangeade and began to laugh. “I’m all right
now.” She slept well all night, but because of a slight fever and tenderness,
Dr. Klenner gave her another four grams intravenously and again that late afternoon.
No antibiotics and no anti-serum were necessary.
Dr. Klenner had worked the schedule out on dogs and published it in hunting and
fishing magazines. He has had many testimonials from satisfied doctors.
“All the venom that will be encountered exists as you see the patient. It is
important to give sufficient sodium ascorbate to neutralize the bite. The more you give;
the faster will be the cure. We now routinely give 10 to 15 grams sodium ascorbate
depending on the weight of the victim. Then as much of the drug as can be tolerated by
mouth is given, usually 5 grams, every four hours.”
Usually without the use of Vitamin C patients are stuck in the hospital requiring
hot packs, antibiotics, anti-serum and nursing care. Many end up with much scarring.
He recited the case of a man who was treated at another emergency room. The doctor
tried to cut out the local bite area.
When Dr. Klenner saw him it was badly infected and the temperature was 104°.
Fifteen grams of C intravenously twice daily, 5 grams of C orally every four hours.
Penicillin injected for the infection. He was back to work in seven days.
“Sodium ascorbate will cure any type of
snake bite.” The amounts and
the speed of injection are critical. Forty to 60 grams intravenously as a starter. Klenner
cites the 6500 deaths a year from snake bites, but many more from insects, bees, spider,
plants and some caterpillars. They produce formic acid, histamine and specific toxin
albumins. Some are neurotoxins; some cause capillary damage and hemorrhage. When cells are
damaged proteins are deaminized, producing histamine and other toxic products; shock may
occur. These deaminizing enzymes from the damaged cells are inhibited by Vitamin C.
The pH of cells changes when cells are damaged; enzymes become destructive instead of
constructive. C reverses this. Vitamin C is reduced in the serum of those in shock.
350-700 mg per kg body weight is the saving intravenous dose. In children up to two grams
can be given in each of several areas (a twenty kg five year old could get two grams in
each of four sites. Ice before and after the injection would control the pain).
He reports a case of a bite by a
Puss caterpillar. The patient was going into
shock with asphyxia and cyanosis. Dr Klenner whipped out his trusty syringe, filled it
with 12 grams of C, squirted it into the man’s veins and before he was done, the
patient was improved enough to exclaim, “Thank God.” And thank Dr. Klenner
for figuring out what to do; the man would have died from shock if it had not been for the
rapid infusion of C. Again, Dr. Klenner’s maxim adds weight: Give the C while
pondering the diagnosis.
Mosquito bites: eleven grams of C per day and 200 to 400 mg of B complex daily,
both by mouth.
Poison Oak or Ivy: oral Vitamin C plus a paste of C powder will control the
contact allergy in 24 hours.
Multiple Sclerosis & Myasthenia Gravis
Dr. Klenner also turned his attention to other nervous system diseases. In a paper
entitled, “Response of Peripheral and Central Nerve Pathology to Mega-doses of the
Vitamin B complex and other Metabolites,” he focuses on Multiple Sclerosis and
Myasthenia Gravis. (Journal of Applied Nutrition, Vol. 25, #304, 1973).
He felt fatigue was the key to the understanding of the nervous system and its
physiology. Substances are consumed for the production of energy in the muscles. Products
of this process accumulate in the tissue. Some diseases will prevent this use of available
energy. The junction between neuron and neuron and the connection between motor nerves and
the fibers of skeletal muscle are the two locations for normal fatigue.
Plants will wilt if fatigued; improper atmosphere and inadequate soil are responsible.
Animals and humans need food, oxygen and faith to stay alive and healthy. He felt a
sharecropper working in fresh open air would be less fatigued than a factory worker.
Oxygen supply has much to do with fatigue.
If a muscle is repeatedly stimulated, it will become so exhausted it will fail to
respond. Either the glycogen is used up, or the lactic acid has accumulated to a poisonous
level.
(At this point he describes the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of muscles.
Phospho-creatine, adenosine triphosphate, calcium, magnesium and stored glycogen are all
necessary for muscle function. Oxygen and small amounts of protein play a part in muscle
contraction. Acetylcholine and its esterase are essential; too much or too little of any
of these substances may prevent or slow down muscle action.)
Myasthenia Gravis is a disease in which too much pyruvic acid, due to faulty
metabolism, affects the interaction of acetylcholine at the junction of the nerve and the
muscle. He felt at that time that Multiple Sclerosis was due to “sluggish and bizarre
muscle activity due to the inability to utilize essential factors because of mechanical
and chemical road blocks.”
He felt chemical fatigue was common. Body lassitude is the result of ingestion of
sedatives, hypnotics, tranquilizers and even sodium bicarbonate. The latter can displace
oxygen from hemoglobin, cutting down oxygenation of tissues. But Vitamin C will
prevent this type of energy loss. Smoking aggravates this fatigue.
A person’s muscle exhaustion point is determined by his oxygen absorbing and
carbon dioxide discharging ability. At rest we use 200 to 300 cc of oxygen per minute.
With sudden exertion this will rise to 2000 to 4000 cc. The more oxygen absorbed, the more
lactic acid will be removed. Efficient use of oxygen is the key to adequate energy
production and removal of wastes.
He described mental fatigue, active and passive. Passive is neurasthenia or brain fog:
sensations of pressure in the head, poor memory, loss of ability to concentrate,
irritability of temper, insomnia, anorexia and a variety of aches and pains.
Active mental fatigue is caused by continuous work, and this change is due to the
sensory-motor exhaustion and not the mental work per se. The primary area of fatigue is at
the synapses which beg only diversion of interest and activity.
Adequate oxygen is assured if the lungs and hemoglobin are normal, but also by taking
10 to 30 grams of ascorbic acid by mouth every 24 hours. Oxygen is released for tissue use
when ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid. Enzymes are necessary to make all these
reactions possible. Genetic faults manifest themselves through enzymatic deficiencies.
He outlines the nineteen stops from glucose to pyruvic acid which provides energy. This
energy release depends upon oxygen and, Dr. Klenner emphasized, it is important to
maintain good ventilation capacity, and, of course, a substantial intake of
Vitamin C.
He felt pyruvic acid metabolism was important for the understanding of Myasthenia
Gravis. Coenzyme A (COA, the active form of pantothenic acid) is in limited supply in M.G.
It, COA, intercepts pyruvic acid at the end point of glucose metabolism. Another enzyme,
cocarboxylase, splits the carboxyl group (COOH) away from pyruvic acid to form CO
2
and free hydrogen. The remaining two carbon fragment (acetate) join with coenzyme A to
form acetyl coenzyme A. A high energy package named NADH2 is formed from the carboxyl
group from pyruvic acid and a sulfur group from coenzyme A.
Thiamin is important in all this energy production as two molecules of thiamin combined
with two molecules of phosphoric acid become cocarboxylase. This enzyme must be present
for the continuance of the metabolic cycle. When thiamin is deficient, pyruvates and
lactate accumulate, and at the neuromuscular junction the nerve end plate becomes swollen
and poorly operative. That same enzyme is necessary for the syntheses of acetylcholine,
the neurotransmitter that initiates muscle contraction. “Thiamin deficiency inhibits
lactic acid metabolism.” A thiamin deficiency means a cocarboxylase deficiency. Liver
enzymes are mainly responsible for the phosphorylation of thiamin to cocarboxylase. Liver
disease would obviously reduce this synthesis. “The activity of choline esterase
(breaks down acetylcholine) is inhibited by this same double thiamin unit.” (See also
p. 20.)
In the conversion of fatty acids to energy some of the same enzymes are necessary:
coenzyme A, hydrogen carriers (niacin-adenosine-dinucleotide) and Vitamin C. The
latter acts as a hydrogen transport.
He puts Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis in the same therapeutic group as he
found thiamin was the key to the therapy. M.G. is a genetically transmitted disease and
M.S. is triggered by a virus and mimics poliomyelitis. Nerve damage in M.S. is due to
microscopic hemorrhages in the nervous system. During healing, scar tissue contracts
clamping off capillary flow and nutrition. This wasting results in loss of the myelin
sheath protection.
He felt that remyelinating these damaged nerves was every bit as hopeful as the
myelination that occurs normally in infancy with nothing more spectacular than breast
milk. It requires two years of treatment to repair the damage caused by one year of the
disease.
He cites works in the late 1930s by Stern at Columbia University who used thiamin
intraspinally for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with astonishing results. After 30
mg of thiamin was injected into the spinal canal of paralyzed MS. victims, they had a
temporary remission. They could walk for a while. And Stern felt it was a B
1
avitaminosis. It was known at that time that polyneuritis can cause degeneration of myelin
sheaths.
Dr. Klenner felt that both M.G. and M.S. were basically a disturbance of supply
and demand and not a functional defect nor impaired diffusion. He followed the belief of
Dr. Leon Rosenberg (Yale) who distinguishes between vitamin deficiency diseases and
vitamin dependency diseases. Some diseases would require 1000 times the calculated minimal
daily requirement. Another investigator [Moore] used high intravenous doses of nicotinic
acid (B3) in the control of M.S.
Dr. Klenner’s protocol for M.G. and M.S. in the 1950’s:
- Thiamin, (B1), orally: 300 to 500 mg 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime.
Intramuscularly: 400 mg daily. Intravenously: 1000 mg (or 20 mg per kg body weight) two to
three times a week. A 20 cc to 30 cc syringe with a one inch 22 gauge (or smaller) needle
is used. The patient is to be supine and the pulse counted as the solution is injected. If
the pulse rises, the solution is being injected too rapidly. Thiamin can be toxic but as
soon as it is phosphorylated (in seconds) it becomes cocarboxylase, a necessary enzyme.
Benadryl® intramuscularly stops any allergic reaction. Dr. Klenner reassures us that
if injected slowly, no problem is encountered. The preservatives are more likely to cause
reactions than the thiamin.
- Niacin or nicotinic acid, (B3), orally: 100 mg to 3000 mg thirty minutes
before meals and at bedtime. The dose should be enough to produce a strong body flush. As
it dilates the blood vessels—“even those that have been compressed by scar
tissue”—a greater amount of the nutrients reach the muscle and nerve cells.
Dr. Klenner felt it would be better to have a constant flush.
- Pyridoxine, (B6), orally: 100 to 200 mg before meals and at bedtime.
Intramuscularly: 100 mg daily. Lack of B6 causes anemia and neurological lesions.
Intravenously: 300 mg. It is necessary for the metabolism of fatty and amino acids.
- Cobalamin, (B12), intramuscularly: 1000 mcg three times a week. B12
is a factor in the synthesis of myelin. In the treatment of neurological diseases, B12
reduces the requirement of choline.
- Ascorbic acid, orally: 10 to 20 grams are to be taken daily in divided doses.
Vitamin C will prevent a superimposed infection and aids in metabolism.
- Riboflavin, (B2), orally: 25 mg before meals and at bedtime. Intramuscularly:
40 to 80 mg daily. It is essential for metabolism of carbohydrates and in the regulatory
function of the hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
- d-alpha tocopherol acetate, (Vitamin E), orally: 800 Units before meals and at bedtime.
A deficiency results in demyelinization and distortion of the spinal cord nerves.
- Crude Liver, daily injections. It contains factors still unknown but essential in
metabolism. (Not manufactured now.)
- Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid. By adding this, all the chemistry dealing with cell
metabolism is enhanced. It is essential to muscle function and, thus, energy.
- Choline, orally: 700 to 1400 mg after each meal and at bedtime. It is in fat and nerve
tissue. Acetylcholine plays an important role in humoral transmission of nerve impulses to
effector organs like muscles.
- Lecithin, orally: 1200 mg of soybean lecithin after each meal. Lecithin contains
choline. It plays an important part in the structure of cell membranes. It is the lipid
used in nerve tissue.
- Magnesium, orally: 300 mg after each meal. Muscle activity requires magnesium. It also
serves as an enzyme activator.
- Calcium gluconate, orally: ten-grain tablets. Two tablets after each meal and bedtime.
Intravenously: one gram twice weekly. Helps muscle activity.
- Calcium pantothenate, orally: 500 mg after each meal and at bedtime. This is a coenzyme
A. It participates in the acetylation of amines and metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty
acids.
- Aminoacetic acid, (Glycine), orally: one heaping tablespoon of the powder in a glass of
milk four times a day. It is concerned with the syntheses of glutathione which is involved
with intracellular oxidation and reduction. It stimulates the combustion of other tissue
constituents. It has an adaptability in the detoxification process.
- The hemoglobin should be kept to at least thirteen grams.
- The diet is to be high protein, including two to three eggs for breakfast.
- One Theragran-M capsule daily for trace minerals.
- Dantrium to relieve tremors. Sysmmetrol to relieve stiffness.
- Zinc gluconate, orally: 20 mg three times a day helps Myasthenia Gravis.
This treatment works dramatically in M.G. An abbreviated schedule can be effective. One
gram thiamin four times a day, niacin, enough to produce a flush four times a day, 200 mg
calcium pantothenate four times a day, 100 mg pyridoxine four times a day, 10 grams of C
in divided doses, glycine one tablet four times a day. This treatment is effective, but
the full therapy will afford more dramatic response.
Dr. Klenner felt that most cases (80%) of Multiple Sclerosis had their origin in
an illness—probably a coxsackie virus—compatible with a summer “flu”.
He mentioned other theories of the etiology of M.S., but was convinced that the scar
tissue that forms around the nerves and produces the symptoms “is the end result of
microscopic hemorrhages following virus invasion.”
He believed that in M.G. the thymus gland was hyperplastic in many cases, and that
muscle antibodies might account for others, but the importance of the excessive pyruvates
at the neuromuscular junction has to be recognized as the basic cause of the hypotonia.
Here followed a number of a case histories of neurological diseases. One case of M.S.
was of a male confined to a wheel chair in the hospital for two years. After a month of
the treatment listed above his physician realized the improvement and sent him home. In
three years he was free from the disease and remained so as he continued in a modified
treatment.
One M.G. case was of a male receiving prostigmine to which he was becoming
unresponsive; thiamin was given intramuscularly along with other B vitamins three times a
day. He was off the prostigmine in a year. He lived a normal life for eighteen years. He
died of an unrelated cerebral accident.
A woman with polyneuritis began her illness with pain, burning and jerking of her legs
accompanied by a high fever for ten days. Paralysis on left side plus weakness of the
hands. She received oral and intramuscular injections. In several months intravenous
vitamins were begun. In sixteen months she began to move her right leg. In five years from
the beginning of the illness she began to get around with knee braces and a walker. In one
more year she was able to move about without a back brace. Dr. Klenner felt if she
had had 200 grams of ascorbic acid early, she would not have had the paralysis. She was
also given 300 mg ribonucleic acid four times a week.
Another woman developed weakness in her extremities and was diagnosed as M.S.
superimposed by a viral encephalitis. She was sent home with a wheelchair and was expected
to die. She fully recovered on Dr. Klenner’s protocol and continued to take her
supplements.
A male, aged 28, developed numbness and loss of muscle control from the waist down
about two years before he came to Dr. Klenner’s treatment. He also had loss of
bladder control. Dr. Klenner felt he had M.S. and put him on the above treatment. He
was so much better in five weeks that he stopped treatment but the symptoms returned in
three weeks, so he went back on the full treatment. Within a year he was back to full
employment and able to follow his hobby as a crack pistol shooter.
A white 57 year old female began to be fatigued seven years before coming to
Dr. Klenner. She had normal function after a night’s sleep but had drooping
eyelids and could not chew food after a few bites. Some doctors had called it
psychosomatic. But it was quite obvious to Dr. Klenner that she had M.G. After 1000
mg of thiamin and 300 mg of pyridoxine administered intravenously in ten minute intervals,
she was able to chew and make facial movements for the first time in three years. She has
no symptoms as long as she continues the Klenner program.
He was quite definite: “Any victim of Multiple Sclerosis who will dramatically
flush with the use of nicotinic acid and has not yet progressed to the stage of myelin
degeneration, as witnessed by sustained ankle clonus, can be
cured with the
adequate employment of thiamin, B complex proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and injectable
crude liver.” “We had patients in wheel chairs who returned to normal activities
after five to eight years of treatment.” He also noted that if M.S. patients had a
course of ACTH or cortisone, it extended the recovery period.
He noted the peripheral neuritis that is due to thiamin deficiency is common in chronic
alcoholism.
“The treatment of M.G. is that of any pathology dealing with the interruption of
the normal physiology of nerve cells.” He had found that after successfully treating
poliomyelitis victims with Vitamin C, he had to follow up with B vitamins for the
nerve repair. He found the same results when treating damage to the spinal cord, whether
trauma or viral infection. B
1 restores the ability of the nervous system to
handle pyruvic acid and dextrose properly. Cocarboxylase may be the “food required
for nerve life.”
Since M.G. does not suffer the loss of myelin sheaths in vital areas, it does not have
to be treated as rigorously as M.S. But the chemistry is more complex because muscles are
involved. 900 different enzymes have been identified, therefore vitamin therapy must be
intense. Of course, good liver function is necessary for good results. Dr. Klenner
stumbled on a liver test: a test tube is filled with a morning urine specimen. In 24 hours
there is usually a gelatinous mass accumulation at the bottom; the more the amount, the
more the stress to the liver. Choline will prevent this from appearing. These are
phosphates.
In an article, “Fatigue—Normal and Pathological”, [Southern Medicine and
Surgery, Volume III, #9, Sept. 1949], he had already had success with the vitamin
treatment of MS. and M.G. Dr. Klenner felt that fatigue is a warning signpost along
the road of infectious disease. Heavy muscular exercise throws a great burden on the
defensive mechanisms. The tissue of the adrenal cortex of rats is increased in weight
after repeated periods of exercise.
He pointed out the importance of oxygen in the etiology of fatigue. If the air that is
inhaled has but 0.1 percent of carbon monoxide, half the hemoglobin will be bound to the
CO and unavailable for carrying oxygen to the tissues.
Poorly oxygenated blood can come from drugs, analgesics, and even sodium bicarbonate. A
deficiency of B
1 will reduce tissue (which breaks down acetylcholine needed at
the nerve ending to activate the muscle). Shots of it are to be given daily from one to
three weeks and then a 15 mg tablet orally every six hours.
B
1, 100 mg intramuscularly three times a day are given along with oral
glycine. The other members of the B complex were added.
“Avitaminotic nerve fibers have a hunger for this vitamin (B
1), and it
is easy to know when the optimum return of function is obtained. When the nerve structure
has been repaired, the patient will become irritable, the appetite will be lost and he or
she will experience a sensation of heaviness and stiffness of the muscles of the
extremities. Sufficient Vitamin C is then given by mouth to maintain optimum
therapeutics.”
As to M.S. the diagnosis is determined by the “evidence of lesions affecting
chiefly the white matter, scattered in time and space: palsy of one of the oculomotor
nerves, nystagmus, slight ataxia of arms, absence of abdominal reflexes and other
scattered neurological anomalies (such as poor bladder control and patchy sensory
changes).
Subtle forms of encephalitis might cause changes in the nervous system preventing a
normal supply of Vitamin B
1 from reaching distal parts of the nervous system.
He noted the increased incidence of M.S. after the encephalitis epidemic of 1920-26 and in
1934. Also unrecognized cases of poliomyelitis may be an important factor in the cause of
avitaminotic symptoms in the central nervous system. This could happen in these disease
conditions even with sufficient B
1 in the diet; the vitamin is not diffused
properly. Initially it is the virus and when that dies down, it is scar tissue blocking
the circulation. The capillaries must be opened and extra B
1 must be supplied
with the protocol cited above.
In a letter to the editor of the Tri-State Medical Journal, Oct. 1954, he boldly stated
that he was curing Myasthenia Gravis. He seemed more definite about the biochemistry:
pyruvic acid, if allowed to accumulate, will produce a cloudy swelling of the distal
portion of nerves, and that the primary biochemical fault in B
1 deficiency is
the failure of the organism to metabolize pyruvic acid. Also he realized that creatine
(needed for normal muscle function) is formed by the body when choline and urea combine.
Choline is in short supply in M.G. unless supplemented orally. He felt glycine should be
supplemented in the diet because it yields urea. Protein is needed in the diet to sustain
muscle wear and tear. Tyrosine is needed to help turn ingested protein into usable amino
acids and Vitamin C is essential in this reaction.
This leads us to paper he put together in 1980. It was not published: “
Multiple
Sclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions.”
He again stated the origin was due to a childhood virus of the coxsackie group
mimicking red measles. The initial illness was a severe lung infection, or an encephalitis
which subsided only to recur as M.S. twenty to thirty year later. 70% of cases have the
onset of their M.S. symptoms from the age of 20-40 years.
40% will have optic neuritis as the initial symptom, then optic atrophy may follow.
Most will notice double vision early. Weakness, loss of reflexes, numbness in fingers,
dizziness, loss of position sense, feeling heat over spine, rheumatoid arthritis may occur
concurrently (shortage of B vitamins), intention tremor, poor bladder control, and spastic
paraplegia.
His treatment suggestion for M.S. at this time (1980) consisted of:
- Thiamin HCl (Vitamin B1) one gram (1000 mg) taken thirty minutes before meals
and at bedtime.
- Nicotinic Acid (Niacin; Vitamin B3) 50 mg to 300 mg, depending on flushing of
skin, thirty minutes before meals and bed time.
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 250 mg after meals and bed time.
- Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 100 mg after meals and bed time.
- Calcium pantothenate (pantothenate acid/Vitamin B5) one gram after meals and
bed time.
- Lecithin. 1200 mg (19 grains) one capsule after meals and at bed time with two percent
milk.
- Vitamin A (palmitate) one 50,000 unit capsule after breakfast and supper.
- Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopheryl acetate) 400 I. units. Four capsules at bedtime.
- Niacinamide (Vitamin B3 amide) 500 mg. tablets. One after meals.
- Magnesium oxide 300 mg tablet. One tablet after meals and before bed time.
- Trinsicon or Feosol. One capsule twice daily or sufficient to maintain a hemoglobin of
at least thirteen grams.
- Folic acid. Two milligrams after each meal. Only recommended when the hemoglobin will
not respond to iron treatment.
- Sunflower seed oil capsules. One capsule after meals and bed time.
- Lipotriad. Three capsules yields 700 mg of choline. Two capsules after each meal. It is
used as a methylating agent.
- Calcium gluconate, 10 grain tablets. Twelve tablets daily. May be omitted if patient can
drink a quart of milk a day.
- Linseed oil capsules. One capsule after meals and at bedtime. Contains linolenic, oleic
and linoleic acids.
- Muscle relaxants. Prescribed according to patient needs.
- Calcium Orotate (Vitamin B13) 500 mg tablet. One after meals and at bed time.
- Calcium pangamate, 50 mg tablet. One tablet twice daily.
- Protein supplement containing eighteen amino acids. One ounce in a glass of milk four
times a day. Some of the above can be taken with this drink.
[This list was originally numbered 1) to 22), with 11) and 12) missing –ed.]
Intramuscular injection, given five to seven days each week.:
- 2 cc crude liver daily. (Hard to get now. I can’t find it.)
- 2cc Thiamin HCl, (B1), 400 mg daily.
- 1.5-2cc Pyridoxine, (B6), 150 mg daily. Add to B12.
- 1.5-2cc Cyariocobalamin, (B12), 1500 mcg daily. Add to B6.
- 1.5-2cc Riboflavin, (B2), 75 mg daily. Add to B3 amide.
- 1.5-2cc Niacinamide, (B3), 150 mg daily. Add to B2.
Some of the above vitamins are given one to three times each week:
Thiamin HCl, 1000 mg; Pyridoxine, 300 mg; Niacinamide, 500 mg; dilute these to 20 cc
with saline solution or best, sodium ascorbate (250 mg/cc). Give slowly with a 23 gauge
needle, one inch long. Pulse is taken during the injection; if the pulse rises, the
injection speed is slowed.
He found that RNA and DNA tablets, 100 mg of each, were helpful to some patients; one
to three of each daily along with the other vitamins. Inositol, 500 mg, one to three times
a day may help.
Because of the large number of pills and capsules to be taken daily, Dr. Klenner
suggested they be put into a blender along with a protein powder, milk, vanilla, and carob
to make a tasty drink. They all might go down more easily.
He cited some cases:
- Female developed weakness in extremities in 1961 (refer to page 48). She was sent home
to deteriorate. Dr. Klenner began his program, and she is now cured and has been
leading an active life for over 21 years. “The central nervous system can be
regenerated, but it does require time. Ten years was given to the restitution of her
entire nervous pathways.” She is “full of vim, vigor, and vitality.”
- Another woman had complete paralysis of both legs and left arm. She required a steel
brace from hips to neck. After two years of this she was taken to Dr. Klenner and
started on the above therapy. In sixteen months she could move her right leg and left arm.
In three years she began to move her left foot and button her blouse. In nine years she
could stand unaided. A modem day miracle, “Enzyme, co-enzyme, and metabolite theory
is the correct approach to the rehabilitation of the central system.”
- In 1918 a male was diagnosed as M.S. because of blurred vision, numbness, and low back
pain. In four months Dr. Klenner began his program and in six months the man was back
driving the fire truck. He continued to improve and cut firewood during off hours. Early
M.S. cases will respond quickly.
- Another female with dizziness, poor vision, lateral, and rotatory nystagmus (dancing
eyeballs). The nausea was so profound; she could not swallow the oral vitamins. But after
one year of the vitamin injections she could do the oral route. From not being able to
read a billboard, she can now read large type books. The nystagmus is gone, but she needs
a cane to ambulate.
Complications
Dr. Klenner reports on a few minor complications. Some diarrhea might have been
due to sodium bisulfite. Induration after intramuscular injections was found to be due to
the Vitamin C not being injected deeply enough into the muscle. (One had to be
drained—a sterile abscess.) If the concentration was one gram to 5 cc it caused a
vein spasm up the arm from the injection site in three cases. A thrombosis of the vein
occurred in but one case. A minor face rash developed in a few that cleared after the C
was stopped.
Calcium seemed to enhance the effects of the C when both were give simultaneously. But
a gram of just the calcium given intravenously can slow the heart rate to a dangerous
degree.
Safety
He has some reassuring words for those who feel kidney stones are an automatic result
of large doses of Vitamin C. He says in all cases a stasis of urine flow “and a
concentrated urine appear to be the chief physiological factors.” Oxalic acid
precipitates out of solution only from a neutral or alkaline solution—pH 7 to pH 10.
Urine pH in those consuming ten grams of Vitamin C daily is about 6. Even in
diabetics who take this large amount of C (10 grams), the urinary oxalate excretion
remains relatively unchanged. “Vitamin C is an excellent diuretic. No urinary
stasis; no urine concentration. The ascorbic acid/kidney stone story is a myth.” One
more bon mot: “Methylene will dissolve calcium oxalate stones, if the patient is
given 65 mg orally two to three times a day,” he learned from Medical World News
(Smith, M.J.V., M.D.: Dec. 4, 1970).
(90% of all stones are calcium stones. Calcium is soluble in acid media. Vitamin C
acidifies the urine. Acid urine discourages the growth of bacteria. Although uric acid
stones are theoretically possible with high doses of C and a low urinary pH, none have
been reported.)
A report in N.E.J.M. on 11 Feb, 1971 [Merton Lamden] suggested that large doses of C
might cause diabetes in humans. The experiment was done in rats, but the dose translation
in humans would have amounted to 5000 grams! [Paterson] Maybe there is a toxic dose.
(Dr. Klenner at the time of that writing had been on 10 to 20 grams of C daily for
eighteen years. No diabetes, and no kidney stones). This study has no relationship to the
use of therapeutic doses of C.
Lamden found that an ingestion of 9 grams of C/day resulted in oxalate spills of 68 mg.
in the urine per 24 hours. Controls without C spilled 64 mg./24 hours. Not a big
difference.
He reiterates the safety of large doses of C. He states that plasma doses of greater
than twenty times normal produce no ill effects. Diarrhea is the most common side effect
of large doses. Some notice thickening of subcutaneous tissue is the C is not injected
deeply enough into, the muscle. (That induration will eventually resolve.) Some will
complain of venous irritation and spasm if the intravenous Vitamin C is too
concentrated or too rapidly injected. (C mixed with calcium will reduce this irritation.)
A rare thrombosis may occur if the concentration of the C is greater than 500 mg per cc.
Some will faint if the injection is given too rapidly. (It is best to have the patient lie
flat.) Large doses by mouth may cause a genital or anal rash and itch.
He also showed how safe large doses of C were. He gave 200 patients 500 to 1000 mg of C
every four to six hours for five to ten days. No laboratory abnormalities were found in
blood or urine and no symptoms were noted except one percent who developed vomiting; he
assumed from a hypersensitive stomach. And these patients had no virus infection to
“assist in destroying the vitamin.”
One volunteer received 100,000 mg in a twelve day period; no problems.
Reluctance by Orthodox Medicine to Accept
Dr. Klenner knew all this way back thirty to forty years ago. Why has the medical
community taken so long to use this cheap, safe, and valuable tool to control infections?
Dr. Irwin Stone, Dr. Linus Pauling, and Dr. Robert Cathcart have tried to popularize this
method and were only met with poor press and ridicule. Are the drug manufacturers
organized into a conspiracy too powerful to overcome? M.D. types will believe what is
published in their favorite medical journals, but Vitamin C therapy studies are not
seen in medical journals because much of the income to the publishers comes from drug
manufacturers. Vitamin C use represents a threat to their income; it cannot be
patented. Maybe if patients demanded the therapeutic use of Vitamin C from their
doctors, the doctors would become familiar with its use and add it to their therapeutic
tools. Their colleagues would hoot: “Ha ha, you are a quack. You were suckered into
that.”
The doctor could respond: “I didn’t want to, but the patient made me do
it.”
But the evidence for its use seems to be there, right in the medical literature, but
how many read the Journal of Preventative Medicine?
Dr. Klenner writes clearly and cogently. He is cheerful, even enthusiastic. And I
find no bitterness due to the frustrations about the poor acceptance of his research by
the medical establishment. He had done his own literature search and finds plenty of
confirmation for his therapies in animal and human experiments.
“Many physicians refuse to employ Vitamin C in the amounts suggested, simply
because it is counter to their fixed ideas of what is reasonable.” The new products
advertised by an alert drug company are okay to them. Dr. Klenner tells of many
letters from doctors who used this C treatment on poliomyelitis—in patients, their
own children and even themselves. They were cured.
Dr. Klenner commented that if these spectacular results had been produced at a
teaching and research center and then published, the medical community might pay some
attention and the use of C would become standard and routine. “There is no doubt that
physicians are being brainwashed with the current journal advertising.” He uses an
appropriate quote from Herber Spencer, “… to keep a man in everlasting
ignorance… condemnation without investigation.”
He blamed the National Research Council who planted the concept in doctors’ brains
that any dose above 125 mg per day is spilled by way of the kidneys. It was like any drug,
the council implied, and more was no more effective than the dinky dose that protected the
human from scurvy. Doctors do not seem to realize that the need for C is different
“in each one of us either because of the individual kidney threshold level or because
of greater requirements necessitated by pathology.”
A Few Quotes
He reminds us of Hippocrates. He felt that of several remedies physicians would choose
the least sensational. Vitamin C meets those requirements.
“Adults taking at least ten grams of ascorbic acid daily and children under ten at
least one gram for each year of life will find that the brain will be clearer, the mind
more active, the body less wearied, and the memory more retentive.”
Another summary by Dr. Klenner: “I have never seen a patient that
Vitamin C would not benefit.”
He discovered the tremendous therapeutic power of Vitamin C to aid the immune
system, to act as an antihistamine, and to neutralize toxins.
Again, let us not forget
what comes through after examining all these published reports: “Vitamin C
should be given to the patient while the doctors ponder the diagnosis.”
References
Page II:
- Pauling, L.: Vitamin C and the Common Cold; W. F. Freeman & Co. San
Francisco, 1970.
- Brody, H.D.: J. Amer. Diet. Assoc., 29: 588, 1953.
Page 2, How it Works:
- Klenner, F.R.: Virus Pneumonia and its Treatment with Vitamin C. Southern Med. Surg.,
Feb. 1948
- Klenner, F.R.: Encephalitis as a Sequela of the Pneumonias. Tri-State Med. J.,
Feb. 1960.
- Klenner, F.R.: An Insidious Virus. Tri-State Med J, June 1957.
- Burns, J.J., et al: J. Biol. Chem., 207:679, 1954.
- Salomon, L.L., Conney, A.H., et al: NY Acad Science, 92:115, 1961.
- Burns. J.J.: Am. J. Med. 26:740, 1959.
- Stone, I.: Brief proposal. Per. Biol Med., Autumn, 1966.
Page 1-2:
- Arber, E: The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1897.
- Correspondence with colleague from Puerto Rico.
- Kline, A.B. and Eheart, M.S. Variations in the Ascorbic Acid Requirements for Saturation
of Nine Normal Young Women, J. Nutrition 28: 413, 1944.
- Joliffe, N. Preventive and Therapeutic Use of Vitamins, JAMA, 129:613, 1945.
- Crandon, J.H., Lund, C.C. and Dill, D.B.:. Experimental Human Scurvy. N Eng J Med.,
223: 353, 1940.
Page 2-3:
- Klenner, F.R.: Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Virus Diseases. J. So. Med.
& Surg., 113:#4, Apr. 1951.
- Larson, C.: Ordinace, pp. 359-360, Jan-Feb, 1967.
Page 3:
- Starr, T.J.: Hospital Practice, 52, Nov 1968.
- Kropowski, H.: Med. World News, p 24, June 19,, 1970.
- Lojkin cited in Klenner’s paper: Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Virus
Diseases.
- McCall, C.E., and Copper, R.,: Vitamin C Shows Promise as a Bactericidal Agent. Bowman
Gray School Med. Alumni News, 14:1, Feb, 1972
- Wintrobe, M.M.: Clinical Hematology, Lea and Febiger, 3rd Ed 1952.
- Nossal, G. Most Killed Vaccines in Use not Termed Fit for a Mouse. Medical Tribune,
Apr. 5, 1972.
- Kiegler, Guggenheim and Warburg: Vitamin C vs. Toxins, 1938. (No reference cited.)
Page 4:
- Harde and Benjamin (1934-1935) found the Vitamin C fraction of the adrenal glands
greatly reduced in monkeys killed or paralyzed by the virus of poliomyelltis.
- Yavorsky, Almoden and King (1934) reported identical findings in humans having died of
various infectious agents.
Page 4,5:
- Klenner, F.R.: An Insidious Virus. Tri-State Med. J., June 1957
- Klenner, F.R.: Virus Pneumonia and its Treatment with Vitamin C. Southern Med. Surg.,
Feb. 1948.
- Klenner, F.R.: Encephalitis as a Sequela of the Pneumonias. Tri-State Med J.,
Feb, 1960
- Gothlin, G.F.: A Method of Establishing the Vitamin C Standard of Requirement of
Physically Healthy Individuals by Testing the Strength of Their Capillaries. (No reference
cited.)
- Baker, A.B. and Noran, J.A.: Changes in the Central Nervous System Associated with
Encephalitis Complicating Pneumonia. Archives of Internal Med., Vol 76: 146-153,
July-Dec. 1945.
- Krumholz, S. and Luhan, J.A.: Encephalitis Associated with Herpes Zoster. Arch Neur
Psych, 53: 59-67 Jan-Jun, 1945.
- Bakay, L,: The Blood-Brain Barrier, C. C. Thomas, Pub., Springfield, IL 1956
- Chambers, R. and Zweifach, B.W.: Intercellular Cement and Capillary Permeability, Physiol Rev.,
27: 436-463, 1947.
- Youmans, J.B.: Nutritional Deficiencies, 1941.
Page 5:
- Hawley, E.E., Frazer, J.P., Button, L.L. and Stevens, D.J.: The Effect of the
Administration of Sodium Bicarbonate and of Ammonium Chloride on the Amount of Ascorbic
Acid Found In the Urine. J. Nutrition, 12:215 (August) 1936.
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance of High Daily Intake of Ascorbic Acid in Preventive
Medicine. J. Intl Acad Prev Med., 1:45-69, Spring, 1974.
- Klenner, F.R.: Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic. J. of Appl Nutrit., 6:
1953 (Paper presented at AAN Convention, May, 1963, Pasadena, CA.)
Page 6, Dosage:
- Klenner, F.R.: Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Virus Diseases. J. So Med
& Surg, 113: #4, Apr. 1951.
- Shaw, et al: Acute and Chronic Ascorbic Deficiencies in Rhesus Monkeys. J. Nutrition,
29: 365, 1945
- Rivers, T.M.: Immunological and Serological Phenomena in Poliomyelitis. Lecture III,
Infantile Paralysis, 1941.
Page 7:
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance of High Daily Intake. op cit.
Page 8:
- Klenner, F.R.: Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic, op cit.
Page 9 Tests:
- Klenner, F.R.: A New Office Procedure for the Determination of Plasma Levels for
Ascorbic Acid. Tri-State Med J., 5, 1956.
Lingual tests:
- Ringsdorf, W.M. & Cheraskin, E.: Sec. Oral Med., U of AL Med Center,
Birmingham, AL
Page 9-16, Insidious Virus:
- Klenner, F.R.: An Insidious Virus, op cit.
- Klenner, F.R.: The Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of a Deadly Syndrome Caused by an
Insidious Virus. Tri-State Med J., Oct. 1958.
Page 15, Virus Pneumonia:
- Klenner, F.R.: Virus Pneumonia and its Treatment with Vitamin C. So Med & Surg,
Feb. 1948.
- Klenner, F.R.: Encephalitis as a Sequela of the Pneumonias. op cit ibid.
Page 15, (Herpes Encephalitis):
- Lerner, M, et al: Detecting Herpes Encephalitis Earlier. Med World News, May 20,
1972.
Page 15, (X-ray Therapy):
- Oppenheimer, A.: Roentgen Therapy of Virus Pneumonia. Amer J of Roentgen., 49:
#5.
Page 17-21, Poliomyelitis:
- Klenner, F.R.: The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases With
Vitamin C. So Med & Surg, Vol. 111: #7, July 1949.
- Klenner, F.R., The Vitamin and Massage Treatment for Acute Poliomyelitis. So Med
& Surg, 114: #8, August 1952.
- Klenner, FR.: Poliomyelitis—Case Histories. Tri-State Med J., Sept 1956.
- Sabin, A.B.: Vitamin C in Relation to Experimental Poliomyelitis. J Exp Med.,
69: 507, 1939.
- Heaslip, Australian J. Exp Biol. & Med., 1948.
- Jungeblut, C.W.: Vitamin C Therapy and Prophylaxis in Experimental Poliomyelitis. J
Exper Med., 65; 127, 1937.
- Jungeblut, C.W.: Further Observations on Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental
Poliomyelitis. J. Exper. Med., 66: 450, 1937.
- Bodian, D. and Horstmann, D.:. Review of Their Work. JAMA, 149: Aug30, 1952.
Page 22-23, Hepatitis:
- Freebern, R.K. & Repsher, LR.: Med. World News, Jan 23, 1970.
- Klenner, F.R.: Unpublished paper.
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance of High Daily Intake. op cit., page 56.
- Klenner, F.R.: Massive Doses of Vitamin C, op cit.
- Klenner, F.R.: Observations on the Dose and Administration, op cit.
Page 23-24, Herpes:
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance, ibid, page 64.
- Stephens, J.C. and Cook, M.: Cases of the Hidden Herpes Virus, Med World News,
May 26, 1972.
- Goodpasture, E.W.: Case of the Hidden Herpes Virus. Med World News, Feb 25, i972.
- Roizman, B. et al: Tracing Herpes Viruses. Med World News, Oct 1, 1971.
- Klenner, F.R.: Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic. op cit.
Page 24-25, Chickenpox and Measles:
- Klenner, F.R.: Massive Doses, op cit.
- Klenner, F.R.: The use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic. op cit.
Page 26, Infectious Mononucleosis:
- Hellne, C. and Helene, W.: EB Virus in the Etiology of Infectious Mononucleosis, Hosp
Pract., July, 1970.
- Niderman, College Findings tie Mono to ED virus. Med World News, Dec 1968.
- Klenner, F.R.: Observations of the Dose and Administration. op cit.
Page 27,
- Klenner, ER.: Unpublished work on RMSF and tick bite fever.
Page 28 Trichinosis:
- Klenner, F.R.: The Treatment of Trichinosis with Massive Doses of Vitamin C and
Para-aminobenzoic Acid. Tri-State Medical J., April i954.
Page 30, Urethritis:
- Rous, S.: Urethritis in Men. NY Soc Med., Dec 15, 1971.
Page 30, Antabuse:
- Klenner, F.R.: Unpublished paper.
Page 31, Arthritis:
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance. op cit.
- Abrams, E. and Sandson, J.: Ann Rheum Dis., 27: 1964.
Page 31, Cancer
- Klenner, F.R.: Unpublished paper.
- Schiegel, G.E. et al: The Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Prevention of Bladder Tumor
Formation. Trans Amer Assn Genitour Surg., 61: 1969.
Page 33-34, Cholesterol and Arteriosclerosis:
- Ginter, E.L.: Cholesterol and Vitamin C. Amer J Clin Nutr., 24: 1238-1245, 1971.
- Spittle, C., Atherosclerosis and Vitamin C. Lancet, II: 1280-1281, 1971.
- Ginter, E.: Effects of Dietary Cholesterol on Vitamin C Metabolism in laboratory
animals. Acta Med Acad Sci. Hungary. 27:23-29; 1970.
- Ginter, E., et al: The Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Cholesterolemia in Healthy Subjects
with Seasonal Deficit of Vitamin C. Nutr Metabol, 12: 76-86. 1970.
- Willis, G.C.: An Experimental Study of the Intimal Ground Substance in Atherosclerosis. Can
Med Assoc J., 69: 17-22, 1953.
- Shafer, J.: Ascorbic Acid and Atherosclerosis. Amer J Clin Nutr., 23:27, 1970.
- Stamler, J.: Comprehensive Treatment of Essential Hypertensive Diseases.
Monograph on Hypertension, Merck, Sharp and Dohme.
- Hecker, R.R. et al: J Am Chem Soc., 75:2020, 1953.
Page 34, Corneal Ulcers:
- Boyd,T.A., & Campbell, F.W.: B Med J., 2:1145, Nov 1950.
Page 35, Glaucoma:
- Virno, M.: Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly, 46:1502.
Page 35, 36 Pregnancies:
- Greenblatt, R.B.: Obst & Gyn, 2:530, 1953.
- King, C.C. et al, New York Times, Nov 2, 1952.
Page 36-39, Schizophrenia, Heat Stroke, Sunburn, Slipped Disc, Toxins and Heavy Metal
Poisonings:
- Klenner, F.R.: Significance of High Daily Intake,. op cit.
- Klenner, F.R.: The use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic, op cit.
- Mokranjac, M. and Petrovic, C.: Report on Mercury Studies in Guinea Pigs in Relation to
Amounts of Vitamin C Administered. Cr Acad Sci., Paris.
- Dannenburg, A.M. et al: Ascorbic acid in the treatment of chronic lead poisoning. JAMA,
114:1439-1440, 1940.
- Pelletier, O.: Experiments with smokers and non-smokers. JAMA, April 1969.
- Mayers, B.W.: Where there’s smoke there may be carbon monoxide. Med World News,
Jan 21, 1972.
- Hoffer, J.: Use of Ascorbic Acid with Niacin in Schizophrenia. Can Med J., Nov 6,
1971.
- Hawkins, D.: Back to Reality the Megavitamin Way. Med World News, Sept 24, 1971.
- Greenwood, J.: Optimum Vitamin C Intake as a Factor in the Preservation of Disc
Integrity. Med Ann DC, 33:6, June 1964.
- Massell, B.F. et al: Antirheumatic Activity of Ascorbic Acid in Large Doses. New Eng
J Med, 1950.
- Kyhos, E.D. et al: Large Doses of Ascorbic Acid in Treatment of Vitamin C
Deficiencies. Arch Int Med., 75:407, 1945.
- Dalldorf, G.: Vitamin C in Health and Disease. W.B. Saunders, 1945.
- Musser, J.H.: Nutrition in the Aged. W.B. Saunders Co., 1945.
Page 36, Burns:
- Knisely, M.H. et al: Arch Surg, 51:220, 1945
- Knisely, M.H.: Science, 106:431, 1947.
- Berkeley, W.T., Jr.: So Med J., 58:1182-1184.
- Lund & Levenson: Arch Surg., 55:557,1947.
- Bergman, H.C. et al: Am Hrt J., 29:506-512, 1945.
- Lam, C.R.: Col Rev Surg Gyn & Obst., 72:390-400, 1941.
- Klasson, D.H.: NY J Med., 51:2388-2392, Oct, 1951.
Page 37, Surgery, Shock;
- Chambers, R. & Pollock, J.: J Gen Physiol, 10:739, 1927
- Clark & Rassiter: Q J Exp Physiol., 32:279, 1944.
- Barlett, M.K. et al: NEJM, 226:474, 1942.
- Laninan, T.H. & Ingalls, TB.: Am Surg., 105:616, 1937.
- Schumacher: Ohio State Med J., 42:1248, 1946.
Page 41-42, Poisonous Insects and Reptiles:
- Klenner, F.R.: Hunting and Fishing Magazine, April, 1950.
Pages 43-54, Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis:
- Klenner, F.R.: Response of Peripheral and Central Nerve Pathology to Megadoses of the
Vitamin B Complex and other Metabolites. J Appl Nutrit., 25:#304, 1973.
- Klenner, F.R.: Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions. Original paper,
unpublished.
- Klenner, F.R.: Fatigue—Normal and Pathological with Special Consideration of
Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis. So Med & Surg., 111:#9, Sept 1949.
Page 45:
- Stern, E. I.: The Intraspinal Injection of Vitamin B1 for the Relief of
Intractable Pain, and for Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous
System. Am J Surg., 34:495, 1938.
- Rosenberg, L.E.: Vitamin Deficiency Diseases and the Vitamin Dependent Diseases with
Reference to B and D., National Health Federation Bulletin Vol XVIII. #10, Nov
1972.
- Moore, M.T.; Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Nicotinic Acid and Vitamin B1.
Arch Int Med., 65:18, Jan 1940.
Other supportive articles from the medical literature:
- Kempe, C.H.: A Key to the Secret of M.S., Med World News, July 7, 1972.
- Schandl, D.K.: Dissertation on Environmental and Pyridoxine cause of M.S., The
Charlotte Observer, Charlotte, N.C., April 23, 1973.
- Brickner, R.M.: A Critique of Therapy in M.S., Bull Nue Inst NY., 4:665, April
19367.
- Zimmerman, H.H. and Burack, E.: Lesions of the Nervous System Resulting from a
Deficiency of the Vitamin B complex. Arch Path., 13:207, Feb 1932.
- Spies, T.D. et al: The Use of Nicotinic Acid in the Treatment of Pellagra. JAMA,
110:622, Feb 1938.
- Spies, T.D. and Aring, C.D.: The Effect of Vitamin B1 on the Peripheral
Neuritis of Pellagra, JAMA, 110:1081, April, 1938.
Page 55, Toxic Doses:
- Patterson, J.W.: J Biol Chem., 81-88, 1950.
- Lambden, M.P. et al: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 85:190-192, 1954.
Need for Vitamin C:
- Sabin: J Exp Med., 89:507-515, 1939.
- Wright: Ann Int Med., 12, 4:516-528, Oct 1938.
- Brody, H.D.: J Am Diet Assn., 29:588, 1953.
- Regnier, E.: Rev of Allergy, 22:948, Oct 1968.
Adapted from
Vitamin C as a Fundamental Medicine: Abstracts of Dr. Frederick
R. Klenner, M.D.’s Published and Unpublished Work,
ISBN 0-943685-13-3, first printing 1988.
Page references apply to original publication.
HTML Revised 03 July, 2004.
Corrections and formatting © 2004 AscorbateWeb
Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C
Source:
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